Fallen Star free essay sample

That is the thing that Outpace Shaker would inquire as to whether he was as yet alive. Outpace Is the creator of the sonnet Fallen Star. Outpace consistently talked with profound importance, and he attempted to communicate his emotions. He was a rapper who had confidence in opportunity and regard. Fallen star was composed for Hey Newton, an expounder of the dark jaguars. He committed the sonnet to him demonstrating Hey love and regard. Heehaws living around the social equality development. He attempted to be a good example and battle for his privileges. He needs the African Americans to acknowledge what the white Americans have done.He needed opportunity, and he was attempting to demonstrate a point. Outpace said no one comprehended what he was attempting to do however the white Americans. Since they realized what he was attempting to do they were attempting to stop him before he could get his message out to the world. Individuals didnt comprehend what Hey Newton was attempting to do. We will compose a custom exposition test on Fallen Star or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page His center was to enable African Americans during a timeframe when a large portion of the African Americans couldn't gain a lot of ground. In numerous poor neighborhoods numerous youthful African Americans were searching for authority and the Black Panther party, which Hey Newton help start, filled that void. They attempted to show self protection. This was an approach to show discipline. He was attempting to be a pioneer to the African Americans on the planet by making a 10 stage program. He set out objectives and targets, and numerous individuals today state he achieved his objectives. Outpace accepts the white Americans didnt comprehend what Hey Newton was attempting to do. He felt they were Just attempting to ridicule him and he was attempting to do well on the planet. There are numerous circumstances Outpace could be tending to in the subsequent verse in line one when you where week he could be discussing Hey Newton getting old. Week Is an indication of getting old.He likewise could be could be discussing his medication and liquor enslavement. Hello Newton was overwhelming on medications and liquor. Some accept he utilize the Black Panther party cash to pay for his costs for utilizing the two. They cherished the sight essentially expresses that the white Americans notice he was going down. That he will be one man less to stress over. In line three and four conditions Of your feasting and gleaming starlight stakes a man attempting to achieve something and he Is blurring endlessly. He Is not get gone yet he Is nearly there. This Is the place Outpace was attempting to address his charges. Hello Newton had a lot of homicide, weapon, and attack hares.The white Americans use to attempt to drop Newton notoriety. The third refrain Outpace Jumps again into how the white Americans didnt comprehend what the African Americans were experiencing. The tough situations they had. In line two states Two darling by such a significant number of, so private was expressing what kind of pioneer Newton was. He was adored by numerous African American for attempting to transform something negative Into something positive. He attempted to be a job module for the youthful African Americans. He needed to tell them that they could be someone. He gave out shoes and food to the African American people group. He resembled there enormous brother.Outpace felt the whites didnt need to see this change to. He felt they needed to see him see him dead so he couldnt change the world. He felt they were frightened of a change. They need to see your dormant carcass, thusly you were unable to change the course, shows what I mean. Discussing how the white Americans didnt need individuals to how they rewarded the African American weren't right. Newton put into the dark American eyes this isn't the means by which we are not assume to be dealt with. In the fourth refrain he completes his last contemplations with in line one and two with, what they have done, for much long to Just overlook and convey on.He was expressing the white Americans done an excessive amount to the African Americans for them to Just disregard the past Hey realized the white American realized he was attempting to show the African Americans what they have done. In line three and for states l had cherished you everlastingly as a result of what your identity is and now I grieve a fallen star. Outpace cherished Hey for a big motivator for he, for what kind of individual Hey was. He resembled a good example for Outpace now he needs to pain to somebody he thought was his star. We have had numerous pioneers, some of them great and some of them terrible. Hello was embarking to arrive at an objective to help individuals in this world.

Developing Expected Forwarded Counter (EFW)

Creating Expected Forwarded Counter (EFW) Unique Remote work systems have developed as versatile and minimal effort systems. Anticipated sent Counter (EFW) is a cross layer metric acquainted with manage the issue of childish conduct so as to give solid steering. This paper proposes an upgrade to the EFW, by considering blockage caused due to choosing just excellent ways. The exhibition of proposed metric is assessed through recreation. Reproduction results show that general steering execution is expanded regarding throughput and bundle conveyance proportion. Presentation Remote Mesh Network (WMN) is a promising innovation for the cutting edge remote advances. The Mesh Networks are self-sorted out, self-designed and effectively versatile to various traffic prerequisites and system changes. Directing is a test in Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) because of erratic varieties of the remote condition. At first, to choose a way with most elevated conveyance rate in remote work organize, measurements that catch connect quality have been presented. However, the majority of these measurements are planned by expecting that every remote work switch takes part sincerely in sending process. While this supposition may not be substantial in nearness of narrow minded switches which may get benefit from not sending all traffic. Childish clients use the system assets for its own advantage yet reluctant to spend for other people. Such narrow minded conduct decreases arrange conveyance unwavering quality. Measurements have been acquainted with distinguish and bar egotistical hubs in a course to goal. These measurements don't think about nature of connections, subsequently can't choose best way from source to goal. Cross layer measurements were utilized to consider both connection quality and childish conduct of hub [2] so as to choose an elite way. This sort of arrangements may make just high caliber get utilized and different connections will get unused. This will make connects to be blocked genuinely and thus cause execution debasement. In this paper we propose metric that joins interface quality and blockage data from MAC layer and forward unwavering quality of hub from steering layer. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Area II talks about related work. Segment III outlines proposed work. Area IV presents results got through recreating proposed metric in examination with ETX and EFW. Related work: A few works introduced in the ongoing examination writing center around dependable information transmission in remote multi bounce systems with narrow minded members. As of late, a few directing measurements have been proposed to choose the way with the most elevated conveyance rate in remote work systems. The embodiment of every one of these measurements lies in the choice of solid system ways, maintaining a strategic distance from lossy remote connections inclined to transmission blunders. A portion of these are talked about beneath. ETX (Expected Transmission Counter): Steering measurements for remote work systems like ETX receive a probabilistic model to speak to the transmission dependability of a remote connection. In particular, ETX measures the anticipated number of transmissions, including retransmissions, expected to accurately send a unicast parcel over a remote connection. So as to figure ETX, it is important to evaluate the parcel misfortune likelihood in the two bearings since, in remote systems dependent on the IEEE 802.11 convention, the goal must recognize each got information outline Let (I, j)be a remote connection set up between hub I and j;Pij and pji mean the parcel misfortune likelihood of the remote link(i, j) in forward and switch headings independently. The likelihood of an effective transmission on the remote link(i, j)can in this manner be registered as Ps,ij= (1âˆ'pij)(1âˆ'pji). At that point, the normal number of transmissions important to convey the information parcel, thinking about the two its transmission and the progressive affirmation as required by the IEEE 802.11 convention, can be assessed by articulation Regardless of the reason for choosing the most dependable ways, ETX doesn't demonstrate precisely the conveyance pace of a system interface, since it doesn't consider the sending conduct of the hubs that have built up that connect. Specifically, ETX and its inferred measurements don't consider that a narrow minded hub may dispose of the parcel after its right gathering, in the event that it profits by not sending it EFW: To address the issue brought about by the dropping conduct of narrow minded members, we join the connection quality estimated by the ETX directing measurement with the sending dependability of a handing-off hub j by improving the probabilistic model on which ETX is based. Let pd,ij be the dropping likelihood of a system hub j((1âˆ'pd,ij)represents its sending likelihood). Since a system hub can drop specifically the traffic sent by its neighbors, the dropping likelihood of any hub j is recognized both by the sending hub I and the handing-off hub j. The likelihood that a bundle sent through a hub j will be effectively sent can be processed as pfwd,ij=ps,ij(1âˆ'pd,ij).Then, the normal number of transmissions important to have the parcel effectively sent (Expected Forwarding Counter, EFW) can be estimated by the accompanying condition. The initial segment of condition, which agrees with the ETX metric, considers the nature of the physical and MAC layers, while our commitment considers the system layer unwavering quality. Consequently, EFW speaks to a cross-layer metric that models both the states of being of the remote medium and the narrow-mindedness of the hub with which the connection is built up. Notwithstanding distinguishing the getting into mischief hubs, the portrayal of the connection dependability gave by the EFW metric grants to utilize the system ways with the most noteworthy conveyance execution, without pruning the elective courses that contain childish hubs. Proposed work: The inconveniences of this arrangement are that hubs needing to transmit bundles will endeavor to utilize a similar excellent connection and cause it blocked truly. Also, simultaneously different connections will get unused. Macintosh layer metric: Our proposed measurement depends on the retransmission instrument in MAC. The initial segment of this technique is the achievement pace of transmitting outlines dependent on the normal number of retransmissions which we call Frame Transmission Efficiency (FTE) [13]. Fig. 1: Illustration of the retransmission component at the MAC Layer The quantity of retransmissions of RTS and Data outlines for each Fruitful transmission in MAC layer should speak to the nature of that connection and blockage occurrence. The achievement pace of sending outlines is in this manner a decent gauge of both the quality and clog of a connection. From it the best quality connections might be chosen. The achievement pace of each connection (FTE) is refreshed when a hub advances a Data parcel to its neighbor and leaves it behind to the directing convention. ACK Failure Count signifies the quantity of Data retransmission and RTS Failure Count means the quantity of RTS retransmission. The kth bundle will send from Node S to Node D. The quantity of retransmission is accepted as Failure (k) and means beneath: Disappointment (k) = ACK Failure Count (k) + RTS Failure Count (k) (j) Accordingly FTE (k) between Node S and Node D is formulized as condition (4). It mirrors the connection quality and clog circumstance of connections. FTE (k) = We are utilizing this casing transmission proficiency to speak to interface quality and blockage. It is MAC layer data. From steering layer we consider forward likelihood estimation. In cross layer design we consolidate data from both MAC and Routing layer to acquire blockage mindful EFW. It is registered as follows Improved EFW or clog mindful EFW= Recreation Recreation situation We performed recreations with NCTUns6.0 test system that assesses execution of the measurement in correlation with EFW utilizing OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) steering convention. Execution Evaluation: To assess the presentation of proposed metric in correlation with existing measurements ETX and EFW, the accompanying factors are broke down Throughput Parcel Delivery Rate Drop Rate From fig1. We can see that the proposed measurement has more throughput than the other directing measurements in remote work systems. By this we can comprehend that the proposed measurement chooses better way in nearness of childish hubs in examination with different measurements. From fig2. It appears that clog mindful EFW has more parcel conveyance rate when contrasted and different measurements. End: In this paper we acquainted an improvement with existing cross layer metric called Expected forward counter (EFW). In this metric we supplanted connect quality measurement got from ETX metric with Frame Transfer Efficiency (FTE) metric which thinks about connection quality as well as blockage of connection. As the proposed measurement in cross layer design joins MAC layer perceptions of connection quality and clog with directing layer perceptions of forward likelihood estimation, it gives better execution in examination with ETX and EFW measurements. Reproductions results show that steering execution of OSPF as far as throughput, parcel conveyance rate and drop rate has been improved in proposed metric. References: S. Paris, C. Nita-Rotaru, F.Martignon, and A. Capone, †Cross-Layer Metrics for Reliable Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks â€Å", in proc. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 21, NO. 3, JUNE 2013. N. Nandiraju, D. Nandiraju, L. Santhanam, B. He, J. Wang, and D.P. Agrawal, â€Å"Wireless work systems: Current difficulties and future headings of web-in-the-sky,† IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 79â€89, Aug. 2007. S. Paris, C. Nita-Rotaru, F.Martignon, and A. Capone, â€Å"EFW: A cross layer metric for dependable directing in remote work systems with narrow minded participants,† in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Apr. 2011, pp. 576â€580 D.S.J De Couto, D. Aguayo, J. Bick

Literary Tourism Honolulu, HI

Literary Tourism Honolulu, HI In my first memory of O‘ahu, I’m running in an open field. Makakilo, I think. I would travel to the island twice more (for state cheerleading championships and to visit my brother who landed a job in, as my dad called it, “the city”) before moving there in 2014 for nearly three blissful years. How do I begin to write about a place that I love so ferociously? And yet, the reality might be that I’m always writing about it somehow. Considering I could go on forever about Hawai‘i, a thousandish words on Honolulu barely highlights several bright stars in a place teeming with beauty. A must see, the knowledge obtained from walking through ‘Iolani Palace’s  doors will make you a better person and, likely, break your heart if the organ’s in good emotional working order. After the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, Queen Lili‘uokalani, who penned “Aloha ?Oe (Farewell to Thee)”  and Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, was confined to house arrest in her royal residence following accusations of an insurrection. After regaining civil rights, she lived out her days there, advocating for Hawai‘i’s independence. The Royal Hawaiian opened its doors on February 1, 1927. If only the wide halls, build for promenading, could share all they’ve seen. Every Tuesday and Thursday at 1 p.m., the “Pink Palace of the Pacific” hosts a free historical tour, where visitors can learn what songs the band played in the Persian Room while diners slurped soup. Sip a mai tai where Joan Didion reread everything penned by George Orwell, and stayed with her husband and daughter “in lieu of filing for a divorce.” Imagine Duke Kahanamoku surfing out front.   Hawai‘i has noodle game like it has sand, and on my itinerary and in my life, the food ranks high. Once, I bought a book, Mambo in Chinatown, just because it had my choice-carb in the first sentence: “My name is Charlie Wong and I’m the daughter of a dancer and a noodle-maker.” While working at Schuler Books Music, I took home (thanks to their hardcover library) The Ramen King and I  and read it cover to cover.   In Kaimuki, Ed Kenney’s food philosophyâ€"and hand-cut noodlesâ€"make his eateries staples. Travel writer Paul Theroux dined with Anthony Bourdain at Kenney’s first restaurant, Town, in Parts Unknown. There, the travelers talk about island politics. “Did anyone ever come to an island with a good intention?” Theroux poses. There, I ordered the pasta (surprise!) with pork, beef, pancetta, porcini ragù, and parmigiano. Also, on my noodle to-do list: The Pig the Lady  and Piggy Smalls. I’ve noticed through the voyeuristic world of social media that writers, especially poets, prioritize flowers. From build-your-own bouquets to pretty pots for succulents, Paiko  in Kaka‘ako covers your needs. They also carry agriculture books, including ‘OHI: How to Gather and Arrange Hawai‘i’s Flora by the store’s founder along with photographer Mariko Reed. Since I learned that the  Honolulu Museum of Art housed three of Georgia O’Keeffe’s paintings from her time in Hawai‘i for a Dole pineapple art commission, the place took up residence on my bucket list. In anticipation of visiting, I reread Joan Didion’s O’Keeffe essay in The White Album  to savor the artist’s words: “I made you take time to look at what I saw and when you took time to really notice my flower you hung all of your associations with flowers on my flower and you write about my flower as if I think and see what you think and seeâ€"and I don’t.” Touring the property, I gazed at every piece, relishing my time, not knowing when her work would appear. I marveled over Diego Rivera’s The Flower Seller: the colors, the chip in its frame. Stuck on Frida Kahlo, I rounded the corner. Straight ahead, the three pieces hung parallel to the spot I had obsessed over the woman who wrote O’Keeffe in March of 1933. In the letter, Kahlo confessed, “I thought of you a lot and never forget your wonderful hands and the color of your eyes.” Being there felt like a daydream. Filled with gratitude, I visited the café to order rosé and toast my person, while waiting for  chilled soba noodles with fresh island mahi to arrive. One of my shopping havens, Na Mea Hawai‘i  serves as a cultural hub and is resilient AF. After Ward Warehouse (the store’s previous home)  was allocated  and, later, demolished to build condos, the store split into four locations until finding a new space at Ward Centre. Luckily, my visit coincided with their reopening. The store hosts talks, book signings, workshops, among other things.  Research additional literary events (like the  annual  Hawai‘i Book Music Festival and Wine and Words fundraiser) and work them into your plans.  Once upon I time, I attended both: the former as a presenter and the latter as a reader, and they are worth fighting traffic for. If you can’t stay forever, please take pieces of Hawai‘i home as keepsakes and share them with loved ones. Buy local books and literary journals from  Bamboo Ridge, Bess Press,  Hawai‘i Review,  Manoa: A Pacific Journal of International Writing, TinFish, and University of Hawai‘i Press. As a former editorial intern for  Manoa  and a contributor at  Hawai‘i Review  and  Bamboo Ridge, I can vouch for the love that goes into these publications. Read local  writers,  listen to local music, and watch local documentaries. Don’t forget to eat Spam musubi. Pay your respects at Pearl Harbor and Punchbowl, hike Diamond Head, paddleboard, fish. Learn Hawaiian words. Talk story with residents. Thank them for their time with a smile and Heineken. While listening to the waves, watch the sun set and rise, the sun set and rise.

The Prayer Of A Catholic Mass - 1393 Words

Going to a catholic mass was a unique experience especially going with peers even though we got there about two or three minutes after the start of service. Worship was as a community more than just a group of people singing into a microphone. Holy water that gives after attending the service as someone I knew that grew up Catholic. After further researching found out it would be similar to the blood of Jesus that washed away our sins. The priest provides the blessing over the water which brings in freshness of being renew in the Spirit. To come in and fellowship with the Holy Spirit and provide peace through the time of worship. In Catholic there were two prayer giving that I have heard before and remember it been a part of the†¦show more content†¦And as a body of believers surely, the Lord’s Prayer means something vastly different to an individual however we was giving the Lord’s Prayer as a model of how we should pray. At Mass the priest invited the congreg ation to â€Å"Lift up their hearts† that is what prayer is—lifting our hearts to God. The basic worship in Mass service is surrounding the heart to God to letting him purify and cleanse our heart. The priest led the people as they recited the prayers of the as a body. We have had many discussion on praying with the church when visiting the Orthodox Church service. Before going I had done some research on Orthodox service. The worship was incredible but we need to understand tradition when we are fellowshipping with other. Tradition orthodox is get to experience the Spirit; the spirit of God move in the midst of two or three. To accept and understand the Tradition we must live within the Church, we must be conscious of the grace-giving presence of the Lord in it; we must feel the breath of the Holy Spirit in it. Tradition is not only a protective, conservative principle; it is, primarily, the principle of a body to grow together and reconcile in unity. The prayer befor e receive communion made me feel as though we was at the last supper. Reminding us of his love and how we don’t want to face any condemnation because of unworthiness, but for the cleansing and sanctification. We placing our hope in Jesus Christ through

Civil Rights Activist. B. Du Bois - 1789 Words

Mike Rinehart W.E.B. Du Bois Review Civil Rights Activist W.E.B. Du Bois tackles a difficult era in American History following the Civil War which is known as Reconstruction. The era itself is well known for its lack of objectivity in the ways it has been viewed by white historians prior to the publication of this book in 1935. Du Bois book, Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880 attempts to revise the writings of pervious historians, who were devoted to their own sectional causes, partisan viewpoints and racist beliefs on Reconstruction. Unlike most Reconstruction histories up to that time, Du Bois breaks his book down into fifteen chapters. The first three focus on the social history of African American workers, white workers and the planters (landowners). With a chapter devoted to each one the reader gets an in-depth history of each, the difficult interactions between each and these introductory chapters serve as a springboard to the rest of Du Bois book whose subsequent chapters focus on more social topics like education, the development of proletariats and a final chapter devoted to Du Bois eloquent, revisionist response to previous historians regarding this era. It is likely that Du Bois, an African-American possessed an ulterior motive for all of the rebuttals to previous Reconstructions histories and who can blame him? The â€Å"Dunning School† onShow MoreRelatedB. Dubois And Booker T. Washington795 Words   |  4 Pagesviolence or leaving the violence untouched? W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington were two African-American rights activists during the late 1800s and early 1900s. W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington had the same idea for the end result of equality for colored people. However, they had very different approaches to reach their desired results. Booker T. Washington believed it was the right idea to approach his issues in a passive manner. However, W.E.B. DuBois believes that a more aggressive planRead MoreBlack History954 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Sociology Instructor: Jeanette Maxey November 11, 2012 Theorists of Choice W.E.B Du Bois Sociology is the study of group behavior through the use of scientific investigation and research (Vissing, 2011). This class has shown so many different views on sociology. It explains how different people see society and how they live and interact with them. My theorist of choice is W.E.B Du Bois, because he laid down the foundation for the study of black sociology and the work of scholarsRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington872 Words   |  4 PagesBooker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois were two of many very influential Black leaders in African American history. These men, though born over a decade a part, shared a common aspiration of obtaining equal rights and sought education for change on the behalf of Blacks. However, the philosophy in which these goals would be achieved differed greatly among the two. Booker T. Washington was born April 5, 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia. His mother was a slave which meant that he too wouldRead MoreRacial Equality : Economics Vs Education876 Words   |  4 PagesRacial Equality: Economics vs Education Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois were two of many very influential Black leaders in African American history. These men, though born over a decade apart, shared a common aspiration of obtaining equal rights and sought education for change on the behalf of Blacks. However, the philosophy in which these goals would be achieved differed greatly among the two. Booker T. Washington was born April 5, 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia. His mother wasRead MoreWas Marcus Garvey The Most Significant African American Civil Rights Leader?1606 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent was Marcus Garvey the most significant African American civil rights leader in the period 1865-1945? The period between 1865 and 1945 saw some of the most dramatic social, political and economic changes in America. The key issue of black civil rights throughout this period was advocated and led by a range of significant, emotive and inspiring leaders. Marcus Garvey was a formidable public speaker and is often named as the most popular black nationalist leader of the early twentiethRead MoreBooker T. Washington Essay examples933 Words   |  4 Pagesleaders, Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. These two men are both working to achieve a common goal, but the roads on which they’re each traveling to get there differ significantly. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offer different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discrimination facing Black Americans. Booker T. Washington’s gradualism stance gives him wide spread appeal among both blacks and whites, although W.E.B. Du Bois has the upper hand when it comes toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Souls Of Black Folk 1026 Words   |  5 Pagesarea of politics, as southern states amended their constitutions to deny Black American citizens their voting rights that had been ratified by the Fifteenth Amendment. The beliefs of racial uplift, was an idea that placed responsibility on educated Black people for the well-being of the majority of their race. This was a reaction to the assault on African American civil and political rights, also known as â€Å"the Negro problem (Washington 8).† During this era, there were opportunities for Black peopleRead MoreB. Du Bois928 Words   |  4 Pagesthe greatest leaders in African American history was born. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois, better known as W.E.B. Du Bois is one of the greatest scholar, writer, editor, and civil rights activist. Many civil rights leaders and other important black leaders and role models see W.E.B Du Bois as the father of the Civil Rights Movem ent. W.E.B Du Bois paved the way for many African Americans in the country. Du Bois played a very influential role in many movements that would help the African AmericanRead MoreWilliam Edward Burghardt s The Souls Of Black Folk1145 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Edward Burghardt, also known as W. E. B. Du Bois, was a civil rights activist, journalist, educator, and an American sociologist among many other things. In addition, Du Bois was an author of an extremely influential book, â€Å"The Souls of Black Folk.† Published in 1903, the Civil Rights Movement was merely at its peak when this occurred. Not only molding a form of sociology, Du Bois acted and performed in the movement inevitably. W.E.B. Du Bois lived from February 23rd, 1868 to August 27thRead MoreSlavery And Jim Crow Laws1613 Words   |  7 Pagesabolitionism is were the journey for equality began with black political theorist like, David Walker, Fredrick Douglas, and Anna Julia Cooper. Decades later the Civil Rights Era would continue the work of those former slaves ultimately changing the treatment of black people nationwide. Black activist like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Mary McLeod Bethune along with several others can be accredited for the equal liberties obtained by blacks in America after decades of unjustified discrimination

The RSC Production of Beauty and the Beast Free Essays

When watching the Royal Shakespeare Company’s production of â€Å"Beauty and the Beast† I noticed several aspects of the production that I found particularly impressive. One such aspect was the use of lighting and shadows on stage. Spotlights and floodlights were the main types of lighting used. We will write a custom essay sample on The RSC Production of Beauty and the Beast or any similar topic only for you Order Now In many of the scenes that did not take place in the Beast’s house, a relatively bright yellowy-orange light filled the stage showing there was nothing particularly important or magical about these scenes/ As soon as the audience’s attention was required to be focused on a particular character, lights would fade out and a spotlight placed on the character. One such example of this was when Mama dies and Beauty sang a solo part. In the Beast’s house, lighting was taking to a much darker level, reflecting the magical and mysterious characteristics of the house. Once particular use of lighting in the house was very effective, the use of different coloured lights when Beauty and the Beast were eating supper. When the bowls were placed on the floor, trapped doors beneath them were opened so that floor lights could flood through the translucent bowls, giving the effect of different magical foods. One bowl lit up red, to which Beauty responded with â€Å"Oh! Strawberries!† then, as Beauty put the lid back down, the colour of the lighting changed to blue and then to green. At the same time, the stage was slowly filling with dry ice, which had lights from different places shining into it. This dry ice gave the magical side that the scene needed, and the colouring in it added even more mystery and magic. Another effective use of lighting was the mirror ball in the room/hall of mirrors. This reflected onto the audience and made them feel more involved in the scene. The music used in the production added a depth of atmosphere, causing slight unrest when in the Beast’s home, and a sad, emotional ambience at the death of Beauty’s mother. In the Beast’s house, a man on the balcony sang notes rather that words, backed by eastern, slightly oriental instruments. These instruments had the ability to make a strange, but somehow welcoming atmosphere feel apparent in the Beast’s house – something that was important in understanding both the setting and the character of the Beast. The music that played during the dance in which the mother played the horse was sharp and almost violent, mirroring the movements of the horse. At one point, the chorus used large wooden sticks to bang off the floor as a way of backing up the music and adding a stronger beat, possibly shadowing the horse’s hooves as it ran. When Beauty’s mother died, she sat on the floor and sang a classic French song that was repeated at certain points in the play. Another time repetition was used was when a woman on the balcony repeatedly sang the word â€Å"Beauty†¦ Beauty†¦ Beauty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  when Beauty sat alone on the stage. Both of these examples of repetition create a slightly eerie, but at the same time calming atmosphere, which made me feel rather uneasy in the audience. The set, although rather simplistic, was highly effective, and very symbolic at times. It began with a taut cotton sheet with the front of a Parisian style house painted on. Two workbenches were at either side of the ‘door’. This sheet was pulled down, revealing the family standing on more benches, this time of different heights; the parents were in the middle, on the highest of the benches, the boys were standing on the right, slightly lower and the girls were on the left and were at the lowest level. When the family lost their wealth the benches were taken away and the backdrop pulled up, leaving an empty stage. A row of coat hangers came down from the ceiling and each family member hung up their expensive clothing. This showed it was the end of an era, and that they had to move on. The hangers going up, rather that just backwards or to the sides, showed that the life the family once had was now out of their reach and they had no way of getting back to it. This is an i maginative and cleaver way of showing the loss. A swing then came down and the family climbed onto. It swung back and forth and as a way of illustrating the family how the family had to move far away, to the downtrodden cottage in the countryside. Having the family on the swing gave time for us to see how each of the characters were reacting to the change, I think this helped the audience to understand the characters on a more personal level. When the family got off the swing, it was onto a silky brown sheet of material that was hooked onto the edges of the stage, around 0.75m off the ground at the back, but slowly sloping down to meet the floor at the front of the stage. This was used to symbolise the mud near to the cottage – a sign of how basic what they actually had was. The chorus had crawled underneath the fabric and when the family stood on the mud, they used their arms and heads to create shapes to show the mud and gloopiness. After a time, the family lay down in the ‘mud’ and the chorus sat up, cradlin g the cast in their arms as a way of showing acceptance from the family and the countryside that this is how things were going to be. When this was got rid of, a house folded up from the floor that used two panels from the floor as the roof and thing, what looked like wooden, panels for the walls. This use of thin materials for the house was a direct symbol of the family’s situation and, although the house was very simple, it had a certain fairytale-cottage-like look about it. The Beast’s palace was far more extravagant and impressive than the family’s cottage. When the father first went into the house big bamboo sticks bowed down from the ceiling, with lights inside. This gave a striking, slightly imposing entrance to the palace and led to a circular doorway at the back of the stage that was blacked out, creating a sensation of mystery and curiosity. When Beauty went into the palace, and we saw her room, the swing that had carried to the family to the countryside had now turned into a four poster bed, with pink covers, which swung to help relax Beauty and make her feel more welcome. As it swung, the audience could see that Beauty was warming to the palace, which is something we had not seen before this scene. At one point in the play, when the Beast was feeling particularly low, he climbed a ladder on the back wall of the stage and crawled into a small compartment, only big enough for himself. The fact that he was completely alone in there s hows that he wanted to be cut off from civilization, possibly because he did not feel worthy enough to be around humans in his beast-state, however the compartment was above everything so it was symbolic of how he was the supreme leader of his palace and had overall control. This helped to give us an insight into the character’s feelings at the time, which aids our understanding. As if to show a passage of time, when Beauty returned home to the country cottage the house has gained another story and big fans decorated with painted roses were surrounding the house. The overall view of the house gave a sparkling, happy fairytale effect and showed that the family were now more comfortable in the house, that they had settled in and were gaining from the experience. The final aspect I have chosen to look at it the costume designs. At the very start, all the family members were in white, expensive looking outfits – obviously a sign of their status and showing that they are good people. When the family had to hang up their clothes, they stayed in the undergarments they had on for a while, until after they had arrived in the countryside when they put on plain overalls. These overalls may have been a sign that, although they were not best pleased with being stuck in the countryside, they were aware that they had no choice and were willing to work for their money. Beauty did not change her clothes, and for the entirety of the play, she wore a plain – but pretty – white dress. The witch, who was played by the same actress as who played Mama, wore an extravagant ball gown that was sparkly and dark, with a very large headdress that showed she was an important character in the story. The dress was very dark, as you would expect a witch’s clothing to be, however when the light hit it just right it glittered a lot, which showed to be lighter, which is something that is perhaps portrayed in her character. The Beast was wearing brown rags that had hints of a goldy material in them. At times, when the light hit the fabric just right, a tiny patch shone gold and sparkly. This hidden colour shows the character of the Beast well ~ we know he doesn’t like who he is, or what he is, but we cannot escape the fact that he is of authority and high status. He wore a claw on his one hand and make up that created the physical aspects of the character. When he became a man, the rags were removed and he wore simple leggings with a chiffon type robe that showed off his muscles and body shape, emphasising the fact that he was a proper man. When Beauty returned home late on in the play the family were dressed in bright clothing that looked far less grand – this showed that they had accepted their life and lost all sense of importance of appearance because they had found true happiness in the countryside. Many of the different examples above give us a better insight into a character, or a place – for example, the Beast showed us that he felt isolated and alone at one point in the play simply by climbing into a compartment only big enough for him. The aspects of the play I have talked about work together in the performance to create atmospheres and to explore characters’ emotions. An example of atmosphere being created may be how costume and music were entwined to create the sombre moment in which Beauty, wearing her pure white dress and holding the doll that symbolised her for the beginning part of the play, sing almost as a tribute to her dead mother. We are meant to feel sympathy for Beauty, and we do because she looks so pure and innocent in her dress, however if she were in a black dress this feeling may not have been stirred as our basic minds associate white with good and black with bad. Lighting and costume also worked together well, such as in the witch’s costume. The headdress was very elaborate and when the lights shone onto her, a huge shadow fell on a section of the stage. The imposing shadow, with the spikiness and movements made me feel quite unnerved and was an impressive way of showing that she has high importance and power. Every one of the aspects I have discussed came together in the Beast’s house. The overall effect was only created well by using suitably magical lighting, the creepy voices and instruments, a good set or in some cases using the chorus line to create the feeling of magical furniture, and costumes that gave us an insight into the character, such as Beauty’s dress or the Beast’s costume, whilst also serving well in the purpose of making the play feel alive. This mix of all the different aspects came together to create an aura of a mystical and scary palace. How to cite The RSC Production of Beauty and the Beast, Papers

Regi Babamusta Essays - Chemistry, Matter, Inorganic Solvents

Regi Babamusta Intro to Met. S. Nasse Acid Rain Acid rain is not only an issue for us here in the states, but in areas all over the world. Unfortunately, many do not even know what acid rain is. It's simple really. When fossil fuels burn, they release chemicals into the atmosphere, and those chemicals mix with the moisture in the atmosphere, which results in rain, snow, sleet, hail etc. with a higher acidity level than previously seen. Those fossil fuels are; coal, oil and natural gasses. Acid deposition is a more proper/scientific name than acid rain due to the fact acid can fall to the floor as any form of water. It can additionally integrate with dry debris and fall to the ground. Whenever dry debris is mixed in with the acidic chemicals it's better known as dry deposition, in comparison to acid coming down in the form of any moisture known as moist deposition. Not all people, but environmentally conscious people have been aware of air pollution since the times of the Ancient Romans. Just because they knew of the issue does not mean they did anything to help, or solve it. Up until the twentieth century people had turned their backs to the rising issue of air pollution including air pollution's most dangerous outcome, acid rain. Acid rain, over time is extremely harmful to ecosystems all over the globe and is one of the biggest problems we face today. Yet, not enough attempts have been made to begin the process of correcting this problem. The way acid rain forms in the atmosphere is essentially by the burning of an excessive amount of fossil fuels from places like factories and power plants worldwide. As per a study done by needtoknow.nas.edu, "The United States gets 81% of its total energy from, oil, coal, and natural gas, all of which are fossil fuels. We depend on those fossil fuels to heat our homes, run our vehicles, power industry and manufacturing, and provide us with electricity". To illustrate, when the biggest culprits of acid rain are burned they release gasses such as, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, etc. Everyone has seen the huge power plant chimneys dumping tons and tons of gas into the sky, the approximate amount being 21.3 billion tons. Once released, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with other components in the atmosphere like water vapor, and sunlight to produce the acids found in acid rain.There is a 14-point scale which is used to measure PH levels in liquids, 7 being neu tral and anything less than 7 is acidic. While anything more than 7 is alkaline. For example, battery acid measures at about 1 on the scale (depending on the manufacturer) while table vinegar is at 2-2.4 acidity. Conventional rain is between 5 and 6 acidity; acid rain is somewhere between 2 and 5.5. According to Insidermonkey, "The country with the worst cases of acid rain levels is China". The United States comes in a modest second place. Since acid is extremely corrosive and the levels worldwide are on the rise, many of the things we take for granted are prone to being damaged. Rivers, lakes, reservoirs, infrastructure, buildings, monuments, and animal life. Over time, acid rain affects almost everything it touches from our homes in the states to trees in the Amazon Forest When acid rain occurs, the acidity levels in major bodies of water aren't immediately affected. Unless it's pouring acid rain every other day the water dilutes the acid in the rain, otherwise all bodies of water would be highly acidic requiring neutralizers to get it back to base ph levels. During the spring months although rare, something called, "acid shock" can occur. Snow build up containing acid melts. Once the snow has melted, the acid runoff pours into the ground and neighboring bodies of water. Since the bodies of water are essentially being shocked with high acid levels, small organisms like algae begin to die off. Which causes a kind of deadly chain reaction. As the algae slowly die off, the organisms that consume the algae could possibly die of starvation. The chain reaction could go on or quite some time until many organisms

Lodz Ghetto

Lodz Ghetto What Was the Lodz Ghetto? On February 8, 1940, the Nazis ordered the 230,000 Jews of Lodz, Poland, the second largest Jewish community in Europe, into a confined area of only 1.7 square miles (4.3 square kilometers) and on May 1, 1940, the Lodz Ghetto was sealed. The Nazis chose a Jewish man named Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski to lead the ghetto. Rumkowski had the idea that if the ghetto residents worked then the Nazis would need them; however, the Nazis still started deportations to the Chelmno Death Camp on January 6, 1942. On June 10, 1944, Heinrich Himmler ordered the Lodz Ghetto liquidated and the remaining residents were taken to either Chelmno or Auschwitz. The Lodz Ghetto was empty by August 1944. The Persecution Begins When Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933, the world watched with concern and disbelief. The following years revealed persecution of Jews, but the world reveled in the belief that by appeasing Hitler, he and his beliefs would remain within Germany. On September 1, 1939, Hitler shocked the world by attacking Poland. Using blitzkrieg tactics, Poland fell within three weeks. Lodz, located in central Poland, held the second largest Jewish community in Europe, second only to Warsaw. When the Nazis attacked, Poles and Jews worked frantically to dig ditches to defend their city. Only seven days after the attack on Poland began, Lodz was occupied. Within four days of Lodzs occupation, Jews became targets for beatings, robberies, and seizure of property. September 14, 1939, only six days after the occupation of Lodz, was Rosh Hashanah, one of the holiest days within the Jewish religion. For this High Holy day, the Nazis ordered businesses to stay open and the synagogues to be closed. While Warsaw was still fighting off the Germans (Warsaw finally surrendered on September 27), the 230,000 Jews in Lodz were already feeling the beginnings of Nazi persecution. On November 7, 1939, Lodz was incorporated into the Third Reich and the Nazis changed its name to Litzmannstadt (Litzmanns city) - named after a German general who died while attempting to conquer Lodz in World War I. The next several months were marked by daily round-ups of Jews for forced labor as well as random beatings and killings on the streets. It was easy to distinguish between Pole and Jew because on November 16, 1939, ​the Nazis had ordered Jews to wear an armband on their right arm. The armband was the precursor to the ​yellow Star of David badge, which was soon to follow on December 12, 1939. Planning the Lodz Ghetto On December 10, 1939, Friedrich Ubelhor, the governor of the Kalisz-Lodz District, wrote a secret memorandum that set out the premise for a ghetto in Lodz. The Nazis wanted Jews concentrated in ghettos so when they found a solution to the Jewish problem, whether it be emigration or genocide, it could easily be carried out. Also, enclosing the Jews made it relatively easy to extract the hidden treasures that Nazis believed Jews were hiding. There had already been a couple of ghettos established in other parts of Poland, but the Jewish population had been relatively small and those ghettos had remained open - meaning, the Jews and the surrounding civilians were still able to have contact. Lodz had a Jewish population estimated at 230,000, living throughout the city. For a ghetto of this scale, real planning was needed. Governor Ubelhor created a team made up of representatives from the major policing bodies and departments. It was decided that the ghetto would be located in the northern section of Lodz where many Jews were already living. The area that this team originally planned only constituted 1.7 square miles (4.3 square kilometers). To keep non-Jews out of this area before the ghetto could be established, a warning was issued on January 17, 1940 proclaiming the area planned for the ghetto to be rampant with infectious diseases. The Lodz Ghetto Is Established On February 8, 1940, the order to establish the Lodz Ghetto was announced. The original plan was to set up the ghetto in one day, in actuality, it took weeks. Jews from throughout the city were ordered to move into the sectioned off area, only bringing what they could hurriedly pack within just a few minutes. The Jews were packed tightly within the confines of the ghetto with an average of 3.5 people per room. In April a fence went up surrounding the ghetto residents. On April 30, the ghetto was ordered closed and on May 1, 1940, merely eight months after the German invasion, the Lodz ghetto was officially sealed. The Nazis did not just stop with having the Jews locked up within a small area, they wanted the Jews to pay for their own food, security, sewage removal, and all other expenses incurred by their continuing incarceration. For the Lodz ghetto, the Nazis decided to make one Jew responsible for the entire Jewish population. The Nazis chose Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski. Rumkowski and His Vision To organize and implement Nazi policy within the ghetto, the Nazis chose a Jew named Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski. At the time Rumkowski was appointed Juden Alteste (Elder of the Jews), he was 62 years old, with billowy, white hair. He had held various jobs, including insurance agent, velvet factory manager, and director of the Helenowek orphanage before the war began. No one really knows why the Nazis chose Rumkowski as the Alteste of Lodz. Was it because he seemed like he would help the Nazis achieve their aims by organizing the Jews and their property? Or did he just want them to think this so that he could try to save his people? Rumkowski is shrouded in controversy. Ultimately, Rumkowski was a firm believer in the autonomy of the ghetto. He started many programs that replaced outside bureaucracy with his own. Rumkowski replaced the German currency with ghetto money that bore his signature - soon referred to as Rumkies. Rumkowski also created a post office (with a stamp with his image) and a sewage clean up department since the ghetto had no sewage system. But what soon materialized was the problem of acquiring food. Hunger Leads to a Plan to Work With 230,000 people confined to a very small area that had no farmland, food quickly became a problem. Since the Nazis insisted on having the ghetto pay for its own upkeep, money was needed. But how could Jews who were locked away from the rest of society and who had been stripped of all valuables make enough money for food and housing?   Rumkowski believed that if the ghetto was transformed into an extremely useful workforce, then the Jews would be needed by the Nazis. Rumkowski believed that this usefulness would ensure that the Nazis would supply the ghetto with food. On April 5, 1940, Rumkowski petitioned the Nazi authorities requesting permission for his work plan. He wanted the Nazis to deliver raw materials, have the Jews make the final products, then have the Nazis pay the workers in money and in food.   On April 30, 1940, ​Rumkowskis proposal was accepted with one very important change - the workers would only be paid in food. Notice that no one agreed upon how much food, nor how often it was to be supplied. Rumkowski immediately began setting up factories and all those able and willing to work were found jobs. Most of the factories required workers to be over 14 years old but often very young children and older adults found work in mica splitting factories. Adults worked in factories that produced everything from textiles to munitions. Young girls were even trained to hand stitch the emblems for the uniforms of German soldiers. For this work, the Nazis delivered food to the ghetto. The food entered the ghetto in bulk and was then confiscated by Rumkowskis officials. Rumkowski had taken over food distribution. With this one act, Rumkowski truly became the absolute ruler of the ghetto, for survival was contingent on food.   Starving and Suspicions The quality and quantity of the food delivered to the ghetto were ​less than minimal, often with large portions being completely spoiled. Ration cards were quickly put into effect for food on June 2, 1940. By December, all provisions were rationed. The amount of food given to each individual depended upon your work  status. Certain factory jobs meant a bit more bread than others. Office workers, however, received the most. An average factory worker received one bowl of soup (mostly water, if you were fortunate you would have a couple of barley beans floating in it), plus the usual rations of one loaf of bread for five days (later the same amount was supposed to last seven days), a small amount of vegetables (sometimes preserved beets that were mostly ice), and brown water that was supposed to be coffee.   This amount of food starved people. As ghetto residents really started feeling hunger, they became increasingly suspicious of Rumkowski and his officials. Many rumors floated around blaming Rumkowski for the lack of food, saying that he dumped useful food on purpose. The fact that each month, even each day, the residents became thinner and increasingly afflicted with dysentery, tuberculosis, and typhus while Rumkowski and his officials seemed to fatten and remained healthy just spurred suspicions. Searing anger afflicted the population, blaming Rumkowski for their troubles. When dissenters of the Rumkowski rule voiced their opinions, Rumkowski made speeches labeling them traitors to the cause. Rumkowski believed that these people were a direct threat to his work ethic, thus punished them and. later, deported them. Newcomers in the Fall and Winter 1941 During the High Holy days in the fall of 1941, the news hit - 20,000 Jews from other areas of the Reich were being transferred to the Lodz Ghetto. Shock swept throughout the ghetto. How could a ghetto that could not even feed its own population, absorb 20,000 more? The decision had already been made by the Nazi officials and the transports arrived from September through October with approximately one thousand people arriving each day. These newcomers were shocked at the conditions in Lodz. They did not believe that their own fate could ever really mingle with these emaciated people, because the newcomers had never felt hunger. Freshly off the trains, the newcomers had shoes, clothes, and most importantly, reserves of food. The newcomers were dropped into a completely different world, where the inhabitants had lived for two years, watching the hardships grow more acute. Most of these newcomers never adjusted to ghetto life and in the end, boarded the transports to their death with the thought that they must be going somewhere better than the Lodz Ghetto. In addition to these Jewish newcomers, 5,000 Roma (Gypsies) were transported into the Lodz ghetto. In a speech delivered on October 14, 1941, Rumkowski announced the coming of the Roma. We are forced to take about 5000 Gypsies into the ghetto. Ive explained that we cannot live together with them. Gypsies are the sort of people who can to anything. First they rob and then they set fire and soon everything is in flames, including your factories and materials. * When the Roma arrived, they were housed in a separate area of the Lodz Ghetto. Deciding Who Would Be the First Deported December 10, 1941, another announcement shocked the Lodz Ghetto. Though Chelmno had only been in operation for two days, the Nazis wanted 20,000 Jews deported out of the ghetto. Rumkowski talked them down to 10,000. Lists were put together by ghetto officials. The remaining Roma were the first to be deported. If you were not working, had been designated a criminal, or if you were a family member of someone in the first two categories, then you would be next on the list. The residents were told that the deportees were being sent to Polish farms to work. While this list was being created, Rumkowski became engaged to Regina Weinberger - a young lawyer who had become his legal advisor. They were soon married. The winter of 1941-42 was very harsh for ghetto residents. Coal and wood were rationed, thus there was not enough to drive away frostbite let alone cook food. Without a fire, much of the rations, especially potatoes, could not be eaten. Hordes of residents descended upon wooden structures - fences, outhouses, even some buildings were literally torn apart. The Deportations to Chelmno Begin Beginning on January 6, 1942, those who had received the summons for deportations (nicknamed wedding invitations) were required for transport. Approximately one thousand people per day left on the trains. These people were taken to the Chelmno Death Camp  and gassed by carbon monoxide in trucks. By January 19, 1942, 10,003 people had been deported. After only a couple of weeks, the Nazis requested more deportees. To make the deportations easier, the Nazis slowed the delivery of food into the ghetto and then promised people going on the transports a meal. From February 22 to April 2, 1942, 34,073 people were transported to Chelmno. Almost immediately, another request for deportees came. This time specifically for the newcomers that had been sent to Lodz from other parts of the Reich. All the newcomers were to be deported except anyone with German or Austrian military honors. The officials in charge of creating the list of deportees also excluded officials of the ghetto. In September 1942, another deportation request. This time, everyone unable to work was to be deported. This included the sick, the old, and the children. Many parents refused to send their children to the transport area so the Gestapo entered the Lodz Ghetto and viciously searched and removed the deportees. Two More Years After the September 1942 deportation, Nazi requests nearly halted. The German armaments division was desperate for munitions, and since the Lodz Ghetto now consisted purely of workers, they were indeed needed. For nearly two years, the residents of the Lodz Ghetto worked, hungered, and mourned. The End: June 1944 On June 10, 1944,  Heinrich Himmler  ordered the liquidation of the Lodz Ghetto. The Nazis told Rumkowski and Rumkowski told the residents that workers were needed in Germany to repair the damages caused by air raids. The  first transport  left on June 23, with many others following until July 15. On July 15, 1944 the transports halted. The decision had been made to liquidate Chelmno because Soviet troops were getting close. Unfortunately, this only created a two week hiatus,  for the remaining transports  would be sent to Auschwitz. By August 1944, the Lodz Ghetto had been liquidated. Though a few remaining workers were retained by the Nazis to finish confiscating materials and valuables out of the ghetto, everyone else had been deported. Even Rumkowski and his family were included in these last transports to Auschwitz. Liberation Five months later, on January 19, 1945, the Soviets liberated the Lodz Ghetto. Of the 230,000  Lodz Jews  plus the 25,000 people transported in, only 877 remained. * Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, Speech on October 14, 1941, in  Lodz Ghetto: Inside a Community Under Siege  (New York, 1989), pg. 173. Bibliography Adelson, Alan and Robert Lapides (ed.).  Lodz Ghetto: Inside a Community Under Siege. New York, 1989. Sierakowiak, Dawid.  The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the Lodz Ghetto. Alan Adelson (ed.). New York, 1996. Web, Marek (ed.).  The  Documents of the Lodz Ghetto: An Inventory of the Nachman Zonabend Collection. New York, 1988. Yahil, Leni.  The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry. New York, 1991.

Rules and Standards for Patent Drawings

Rules and Standards for Patent Drawings There are two acceptable categories for presenting drawings in utility and design patent applications: Black Ink: Black and white drawings are normally required. India ink, or its equivalent that secures solid black lines, must be used for drawings.Color: On rare occasions, color drawings may be necessary as the only practical medium by which to disclose the subject matter sought to be patented in a utility or design patent application or the subject matter of a statutory invention registration. The color drawings must be of sufficient quality such that all details in the drawings are reproducible in black and white in the printed patent. Color drawings are not permitted in international applications under patent treaty rule PCT 11.13, or in an application, or copy thereof, submitted under the electronic filing system (for utility applications only). The Office will accept color drawings in utility or design patent applications and statutory invention registrations only after granting a petition filed under this paragraph explaining why the color drawings are necessary. Any such petition must include the following: Patent petition fee 1.17 h - $130.00Three sets of color drawings, a black and white photocopy that accurately depicts the subject matter shown in the color drawingAn amendment to the specification to insert the following to be the first paragraph of the brief description of the drawings: The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. Photographs Black and White: Photographs, including photocopies of photographs, are not ordinarily permitted in utility and design patent applications. The Office will accept photographs in utility and design patent applications, however, if photographs are the only practicable medium for illustrating the claimed invention. For example, photographs or photomicrographs of: electrophoresis gels, blots (e.g., immunological, western, Southern, and northern), autoradiographs, cell cultures (stained and unstained), histological tissue cross sections (stained and unstained), animals, plants, in vivo imaging, thin layer chromatography plates, crystalline structures, and, in a design patent application, ornamental effects, are acceptable. If the subject matter of the application admits of illustration by a drawing, the examiner may require a drawing in place of the photograph. The photographs must be of sufficient quality so that all details in the photographs are reproducible in the printed patent. Color Photographs: Color photographs will be accepted in utility and design patent applications if the conditions for accepting color drawings and black and white photographs have been satisfied. Identification of Drawings Identifying indicia, if provided, should include the title of the invention, inventors name, and application number, or docket number (if any) if an application number has not been assigned to the application. If this information is provided, it must be placed on the front of each sheet and centered within the top margin. Graphic Forms In Drawings Chemical or mathematical formulae, tables, and waveforms may be submitted as drawings and are subject to the same requirements as drawings. Each chemical or mathematical formula must be labeled as a separate figure, using brackets when necessary, to show that information is properly integrated. Each group of waveforms must be presented as a single figure, using a common vertical axis with time extending along the horizontal axis. Each individual waveform discussed in the specification must be identified with a separate letter designation adjacent to the vertical axis. Type of Paper Drawings submitted to the Office must be made on paper which is flexible, strong, white, smooth, non-shiny, and durable. All sheets must be reasonably free from cracks, creases, and folds. Only one side of the sheet may be used for the drawing. Each sheet must be reasonably free from erasures and must be free from alterations, overwritings, and interlineations. Photographs must be developed on paper meeting the sheet-size requirements and the margin requirements (see below and next page). Sheet Size All drawing sheets in an application must be the same size. One of the shorter sides of the sheet is regarded as its top. The size of the sheets on which drawings are made must be: 21.0 cm. by 29.7 cm. (DIN size A4), or21.6 cm. by 27.9 cm. (8 1/2 by 11 inches) Margin Requirements The sheets must not contain frames around the sight (i.e., the usable surface), but should have scan target points (i.e., cross-hairs) printed on two catercorner margin corners. Each sheet must include: a top margin of at least 2.5 cm. (1 inch)a left side margin of at least 2.5 cm. (1 inch)a right side margin of at least 1.5 cm. (5/8 inch)and a bottom margin of at least 1.0 cm. (3/8 inch)thereby leaving a sight no greater than 17.0 cm. by 26.2 cm. on 21.0 cm. by 29.7 cm. (DIN size A4) drawing sheetsand a sight no greater than 17.6 cm. by 24.4 cm. (6 15/16 by 9 5/8 inches) on 21.6 cm. by 27.9 cm. (8 1/2 by 11 inch) drawing sheets Views The drawing must contain as many views as necessary to show the invention. The views may be plan, elevation, section, or perspective views. Detail views of portions of elements, on a larger scale if necessary, may also be used. All views of the drawing must be grouped together and arranged on the sheet(s) without wasting space, preferably in an upright position, clearly separated from one another, and must not be included in the sheets containing the specifications, claims, or abstract. Views must not be connected by projection lines and must not contain center lines. Waveforms of electrical signals may be connected by dashed lines to show the relative timing of the waveforms. Exploded Views: Exploded views, with the separated parts embraced by a bracket, to show the relationship or order of assembly of various parts are permissible. When an exploded view is shown in a figure which is on the same sheet as another figure, the exploded view should be placed in brackets.Partial Views: When necessary, a view of a large machine or device in its entirety may be broken into partial views on a single sheet or extended over several sheets if there is no loss in facility of understanding the view. Partial views drawn on separate sheets must always be capable of being linked edge to edge so that no partial view contains parts of another partial view.A smaller scale view should be included showing the whole formed by the partial views and indicating the positions of the parts shown.When a portion of a view is enlarged for magnification purposes, the view and the enlarged view must each be labeled as separate views.Where views on two or more sheets form, in effect, a s ingle complete view, the views on the several sheets must be so arranged that the complete figure can be assembled without concealing any part of any of the views appearing on the various sheets.A very long view may be divided into several parts placed one above the other on a single sheet. However, the relationship between the different parts must be clear and unambiguous. Sectional Views: The plane upon which a sectional view (example 2) is taken should be indicated on the view from which the section is cut by a broken line. The ends of the broken line should be designated by Arabic or Roman numerals corresponding to the view number of the sectional view and should have arrows to indicate the direction of sight. Hatching must be used to indicate section portions of an object and must be made by regularly spaced oblique parallel lines spaced sufficiently apart to enable the lines to be distinguished without difficulty. Hatching should not impede the clear reading of the reference characters and lead lines. If it is not possible to place reference characters outside the hatched area, the hatching may be broken off wherever reference characters are inserted. Hatching must be at a substantial angle to the surrounding axes or principal lines, preferably 45 °.A cross-section must be set out and drawn to show all of the materials as they are shown in the v iew from which the cross section was taken. The parts in cross section must show proper material(s) by hatching with regularly spaced parallel oblique strokes, the space between strokes being chosen on the basis of the total area to be hatched. The various parts of a cross section of the same item should be hatched in the same manner and should accurately and graphically indicate the nature of the material(s) that is illustrated in cross-section.The hatching of juxtaposed different elements must be angled in a different way. In the case of large areas, hatching may be confined to an edging drawn around the entire inside of the outline of the area to be hatched.Different types of hatching should have different conventional meanings as regards the nature of a material seen in cross-section. Alternate Position: A moved position may be shown by a broken line superimposed upon a suitable view if this can be done without crowding; otherwise, a separate view must be used for this purpose.Modified Forms: Modified forms of construction must be shown in separate views. Arrangement of Views One view must not be placed upon another or within the outline of another. All views on the same sheet should stand in the same direction and, if possible, stand so that they can be read with the sheet held in an upright position. If views wider than the width of the sheet are necessary for the clearest illustration of the invention, the sheet may be turned on its side so that the top of the sheet, with the appropriate top margin to be used as the heading space, is on the right-hand side. Words must appear in a horizontal, left-to-right fashion when the page is either upright or turned so that the top becomes the right side, except for graphs utilizing standard scientific convention to denote the axis of abscissas (of X) and the axis of ordinates (of Y). Front Page View The drawing must contain as many views as necessary to show the invention. One of the views should be suitable for inclusion on the front page of the patent application publication and patent as the illustration of the invention. Views must not be connected by projection lines and must not contain center lines. The applicant may suggest a single view (by figure number) for inclusion on the front page of the patent application publication and patent. Scale The scale to which a drawing is made must be large enough to show the mechanism without crowding when the drawing is reduced in size to two-thirds in reproduction. Indications such as actual size or scale 1/2 on the drawings are not permitted since these lose their meaning with reproduction in a different format. Character of Lines, Numbers, and Letters All drawings must be made by a process which will give them satisfactory reproduction characteristics. Every line, number, and letter must be durable, clean, black (except for color drawings), sufficiently dense and dark, and uniformly thick and well-defined. The weight of all lines and letters must be heavy enough to permit adequate reproduction. This requirement applies to all lines, however, fine, to shading, and to lines representing cut surfaces in sectional views. Lines and strokes of different thicknesses may be used in the same drawing where different thicknesses have a different meaning. Shading The use of shading in views is encouraged if it aids in understanding the invention and if it does not reduce legibility. Shading is used to indicate the surface or shape of spherical, cylindrical, and conical elements of an object. Flat parts may also be lightly shaded. Such shading is preferred in the case of parts shown in perspective, but not for cross-sections. See paragraph (h)(3) of this section. Spaced lines for shading are preferred. These lines must be thin, as few in number as practicable, and they must contrast with the rest of the drawings. As a substitute for shading, heavy lines on the shade side of objects can be used except where they superimpose on each other or obscure reference characters. Light should come from the upper left corner at an angle of 45 °. Surface delineations should preferably be shown by proper shading. Solid black shading areas are not permitted, except when used to represent bar graphs or color. Symbols Graphical drawing symbols may be used for conventional elements when appropriate. The elements for which such symbols and labeled representations are used must be adequately identified in the specification. Known devices should be illustrated by symbols which have a universally recognized conventional meaning and are generally accepted in the art. Other symbols which are not universally recognized may be used, subject to approval by the Office, if they are not likely to be confused with existing conventional symbols, and if they are readily identifiable. Legends Suitable descriptive legends may be used subject to approval by the Office or may be required by the examiner where necessary for an understanding of the drawing. They should contain as few words as possible. Numbers, Letters, Reference Characters Reference characters (numerals are preferred), sheet numbers, and view numbers must be plain and legible, and must not be used in association with brackets or inverted commas, or enclosed within outlines, e.g., encircled. They must be oriented in the same direction as the view so as to avoid having to rotate the sheet. Reference characters should be arranged to follow the profile of the object depicted.The  English alphabet  must be used for letters, except where another alphabet is customarily used, such as the  Greek alphabet  to indicate angles, wavelengths, and mathematical formulas.Numbers, letters, and reference characters must measure at least.32 cm. (1/8 inch) in height. They should not be placed in the drawing so as to interfere with its comprehension. Therefore, they should not cross or mingle with the lines. They should not be placed upon hatched or shaded surfaces. When necessary, such as indicating a surface or cross section, a reference character may be underlin ed and a blank space may be left in the hatching or shading where the character occurs so that it appears distinct. The same part of an invention appearing in more than one view of the drawing must always be designated by the same reference character, and the same reference character must never be used to designate different parts.Reference characters not mentioned in the description shall not appear in the drawings. Reference characters mentioned in the description must appear in the drawings. Lead Lines Lead lines are those lines between the reference characters and the details referred to. Such lines may be straight or curved and should be as short as possible. They must originate in the immediate proximity of the reference character and extend to the feature indicated. Lead lines must not cross each other. Lead lines are required for each reference character except for those which indicate the surface or cross section on which they are placed. Such a reference character must be underlined to make it clear that a lead line has not been left out by mistake. Arrows Arrows may be used at the ends of lines, provided that their meaning is clear, as follows: On a lead line, a freestanding arrow to indicate the entire section towards which it points;On a lead line, an arrow touching a line to indicate the surface shown by the line looking along the direction of the arrow; orTo show the direction of movement. Copyright or Mask Work Notice A copyright or mask work notice may appear in the drawing but must be placed within the sight of the drawing immediately below the figure representing the copyright or mask work material and be limited to letters having a print size of 32 cm. to 64 cm. (1/8 to 1/4 inches) high. The content of the notice must be limited to only those elements provided for by law. For example,  ©1983 John Doe (17 U.S.C. 401) and *M* John Doe (17 U.S.C. 909) would be properly limited and, under current statutes, legally sufficient notices of copyright and mask work, respectively. Inclusion of a copyright or mask work notice will be permitted only if the authorization language set forth in rule  Ã‚ § 1.71(e)  is included at the beginning (preferably as the first paragraph) of the specification. Numbering of Sheets of Drawings The sheets of drawings should be numbered in consecutive Arabic numerals, starting with 1, within the sight as defined by the  margins. These numbers, if present, must be placed in the middle of the top of the sheet, but not in the margin. The numbers can be placed on the right-hand side if the drawing extends too close to the middle of the top edge of the usable surface. The drawing sheet numbering must be clear and larger than the numbers used as  reference characters  to avoid confusion. The number of each sheet should be shown by two Arabic numerals placed on either side of an oblique line, with the first being the sheet number and the second being the total number of sheets of drawings, with no other marking. Numbering of Views The different views must be numbered in consecutive Arabic numerals, starting with 1, independent of the numbering of the sheets and, if possible, in the order in which they appear on the drawing sheet(s). Partial views intended to form one complete view, on one or several sheets, must be identified by the same number followed by a  capital letter. View numbers must be preceded by the abbreviation FIG. Where only a single view is used in an application to illustrate the claimed invention, it must not be numbered and the abbreviation FIG. must not appear.Numbers and letters identifying the views must be simple and clear and must not be used in association with brackets, circles, or  inverted commas. The view numbers must be larger than the numbers used for reference characters. Security Markings Authorized security markings may be placed on the drawings provided they are outside the sight, preferably centered in the top margin. Corrections Any corrections on drawings submitted to the Office must be durable and permanent. Holes No holes should be made by the applicant in the drawing sheets. Types of Drawings See rules for  § 1.152 for design drawings,  § 1.165 for plant drawings, and  § 1.174 for reissue drawings

Compression in Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compression in Media - Essay Example This run of information is learnt to be facilitated by the different forms of media present around us. The absence of the efficient flow or exchange of such extensive information would as a result restrict the viewpoints and attitudes of the general people further exploiting their respective thoughts and inferences in relation to the happenings in the world around them. It needs to be mentioned in this context that the theories related to the media helps in justifying as well as manipulating the work done and the information provided to the audiences (Lorimer, Gasher & Skinner, 2012). Thesis Statement This paper would focus on providing a detailed comprehension regarding the various theories related to the media along with a comparison between those. The research paper would also attempt to ascertain the specific perspectives on the way the media functions and manipulates in the society of that country. For the reason of comprehending the specific perspective, a lucid insight require s to be gained regarding the various theories such as libertarian theory, social responsibility theory and political economic theory related to media. Libertarian Theory The notion with regard to this particular libertarian theory is learnt to have developed from the thought that individuals are considered as rational beings who possesses enough competence to differentiate between the factual and the improper facts or information and make appropriate decisions based on such judgments. The underlying belief of this theory relates to the chief aim of the media that is believed to be the passing on of truth or facts and also the belief that media would desist from succumbing to any kind of outside pressures; for instance, from the corporate owners or the advertisers (Lorimer, Gasher & Skinner, 2012). The theory of libertarian even presumes that individuals holding contrasting or divergent perspectives will also be paid attention to. This implies that the responsibility of media under t his theory is considered to be the communication or presentation of the negative as well as the positive viewpoints. According to this theory, assails made on the guiding principles as has been laid down by the government are completely acknowledged and are also supported at times. This theory also eliminates any kind of limitations exerted on the import as well as export of the media information with regard to the national boundaries. The libertarian theory believes in complete independence of the journalists along with the media experts within the system of media organization (Lorimer, Gasher & Skinner, 2012). Social Responsibility Theory The theory of social responsibility has been stated to comply with the notion of the libertarian theory but still suggests the need to recommend the kind of behavior or functions that the media should indulge into. This specific theory was learnt to evolve from the Hutchins Commission Report regarding the Free and Responsible Press. There were ce rtain objectives that were assigned by the commission which also entailed the requirement for honest and comprehensive reporting of the entire possible aspects related to any issue. It believes that the media holds some specific responsibilities and commitments toward the society (Lorimer, Gasher & Skinner, 2012). This particular social responsibility theory even believes and complies with the notion that the government needs to support the media for the reason of acting in accordance with their respective responsibilities towards the society in case of any failures in keeping up with the obligation that is expected with regard to the media. It should be stated in this regard that this is where the theory stands apart from the libertarian t

1-What are the advantages and disadvantages of using technology at Essay

1-What are the advantages and disadvantages of using technology at school OR 2-In what ways can technology such as tablet devices contributes in the children education at school - Essay Example These resources will be of immense value to the current research as it will help in obtaining information regarding the negative effects associated with use of technology in classrooms. Brown, Dina, and Mark Warschauer. "From the University to the Elementary Classroom: Students Experiences in Learning to Integrate Technology in Instruction."Â  Journal of Technology and Teacher Education. 14.3 (2006): 599-621. Print. The article titled From the University to the Elementary Classroom: Students Experiences in Learning to Integrate Technology in Instruction was authored by Brown along with other researchers and this research was conducted in order to identify methods through which instructors can implement technological advancement in different aspect of teaching such as preparing curriculum and creating coursework (Brown 599). This resource is important to the present study as this resource can provide information regarding how the issues experienced by educationists while using technology in their class rooms can be solved. Buchanan, JA. "Use of Simulation Technology in Dental Education."Â  Journal of Dental Education. 65.11 (2001): 1225-31. Print. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.130.3369&rep=rep1&type=pdf The research article titled Use of Simulation Technology in Dental Education was written by Buchanan and in the purpose of conducted this study was to identify how the technological advancement of simulation is being used in the field and educational circuit of dentistry and what are the possible advantages as well as disadvantages experienced by the stakeholders of the field in implementing this technology (Buchanan 12231). This resource can be used as an example of how technology is actually being used by educational institutes and how it is impacting

Discuss Some Of The Main Ideas Essay -- essays research papers fc

Sigmund Freud considered himself a scientist whose intention was to find a physiological and materialist basis for his theories of the psyche. Freud revolutionised the way in which we think about ourselves. From its beginnings as a theory of neurosis, Freud founded and developed psychoanalysis into a general psychology, which became widely accepted as the predominant mode of discussing personality, behaviour and interpersonal relationships. Freud, who had been studying neuropathology, left Vienna in 1885 to continue his studies in Paris under the guidance of Jean Martin Charcot. This proved to be the turning point in his career, for Charcot’s work with patients classified as â€Å"hysterics† introduced Freud to the possibility that psychological disorders might have their source in the mind rather than the brain. Charcot’s hypnotic experiments demonstrated the link between hysterical symptoms such as paralysis of a limb and hypnotic suggestions to cure the paralysis. Although Freud later abandoned his faith in hypnosis, hypnotic experiments taught Freud that mental processes that took place unconsciously could have a powerful effect on behaviour. It was Freud who drew our attention to the unconscious mind. If we liken the mind to an iceberg, the nine tenths below the surface is the unconscious in which there are many mental processes going on that we have little control of. Our conscious mind is above the surface; it is what we are fully aware of and contains our perception, thought and memory. Freud also spoke of the preconscious which might include material put out of our conscious mind but which may be retrievable. Freudian psychoanalytical theory states that there are three agencies of the human personality. Below the surface is our â€Å"id†, these are our social and biological instincts such as hunger, thirst and self-preservation. The id seeks outlet in the pleasure principal with no regard to reality. It is our awareness of the outside world, our memory, perception and learning. The â€Å"Ego† develops to harmonise the impulses of the id with the demands of reality. It is our awareness of the outside world, our memory, perception and learning. The â€Å"super ego† develops later in varying degrees. It is like a conscience and brings in values and morals from parents and society and enables us to feel guilt. Freud grouped together ego and sexual instincts calling ... ...iar to most of us today. Psychoanalysis is a term that Freud coined in 1896. As a therapist he used mental rather than physical means to achieve behavioural or attitudinal change. One of Freud’s greatest achievements was his capacity to stimulate the creativity of others and his ideas have been developed by his many followers. Where Freud was perhaps wrong was in making psychosexual development so central that all other forms of social and emotional development were conceived as being derived from it. However, despite repeated criticism and attempted refutations of Freud’s work, his ideas remained powerful well after his death and the general way in which psychoanalysis and other forms of psychotherapy are conducted is still based on Freud’s procedure, and remains one of his most enduring legacies. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Storr A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1996  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Freud†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oxford University Press Stevens R  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1994  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Freud and Psychoanalysis†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Open University Press

How to Write a Compare-Contrast Essay

How to Write a Compare-Contrast EssayThe Elements of a Compare-Contrast Essay What is comparison? Explaining the similarities or points of connection between two ideas, people, or things to give the reader a deeper understanding of eachWhat is contrasting? Explaining the differences or points of disconnection between two ideas, people, or things to give the reader a deeper understanding of eachAdapted from Webster’s Third New International DictionaryOn what subjects can I write a successful compare-contrast essay?Your subjects will need to each be significant in their own right to merit discussion. They will also need to have some sort of relationship to each other so that showing them side by side allows the reader to learn more about each. In other words, there must be a reason to compare them. Here are some reasons to compare and contrast. To consider two subjects side by side and show their distinctions. To choose between two things.To explain one subject in terms of anoth er.What are the types of compare-contrast essays?Writing Strategies for a Persuasive Essay1. Read the question or essay prompt. Identify your topics and be sure that you understand what each really is. You may need to do a little research to be clear on this. 2. Decide what your purpose for writing is (to show distinctions, to choose, to explain). 3. Develop a thesis statement. Remember that a thesis statement must be more than â€Å"X and Y have many differences and similarities.†Your thesis should reflect which purpose you chose. Example: â€Å"Examining the similarities and differences between the  work of Hemingway and Fitzgerald allows us to see how the contexts of their lives affected their work.† 4. Decide what your points of similarity (connection) and difference (disconnection) will be. 5. Research! Find relevant, credible publications, web sites, and individuals that offer evidence that supports your thesis and chosen points of connection and disconnection. 6. Write!The style in which compare-contrast essays are writtenCompare-contrast essays are similar to persuasive essays in a couple key ways:Point of view Level of personal voicePoint of View and Personal Voice in Persuasive Essays A compare-contrast essay is almost always formal academic essay in which the writer presents a thesis, or. In most formal academic writing, the proper point of view for the essay is third person (using the pronouns he, she, it, they). It is OK to use first person (I, me, we) in the conclusionINCORRECT: First Person I think that Fitzgerald and Hemingway share many similarities despite their very different use of descriptive language.CORRECT: Third Person Fitzgerald and Hemingway share many similarities despite their very different use of descriptive language.Evidence & Citations Compare-contrast essays rely on a lot of direct evidence from several sources. You will need to quote extensively to be successful.Why use quotes? 1. They demonstrate you read the available information closely. 2. They serve as concrete evidence to support your position 3. They demonstrate a deeper level of understanding, which is persuasive to readers.Where can evidence come from? What can I quote from? Books, films, newspaper articles, credible websites, newscasts, etc.What can’t I use? Wikipedia, encyclopedias, other student essays, interviews with non-experts, etc.How should I weave in quotes and evidence?The S-C-C-C FormatThis is a very useful format for citations if you are not very familiar with citations and need to practice a tried and true method. As writers become experienced with citations, they can move away from this format and mix elements up as they see fit.1. Set it up. Set up the context that the quote is from, so that the reader knows when and where the quote is from and who is doing the speaking/writing.2. Citation. Write the quote out, in quotation marks.3. Commentary: Explain how the quote supports your argument. (Commenting on t he quote.)4. Commentary: further commenting on the quoteEXAMPLE:According to a recent article in the Seattle Times,† †¦[t]he seemingly sure bet that higher education will pay off can be upended by any number of factors: broken marriages, illnesses, lost jobs, substandard schools and unrealized dreams.† (With no way out of trouble, more students likely to default, October 6, 2008). Students used to feel that borrowing for college was always going to pay off, no matter what happened. Now, many are finding it harder to pay it back due to many factors.The Embedded CitationThis is useful when you would prefer to pick out very small phrases to prove your points. Write your own sentence beginning, include the quote, and write your own sentence ending. The quote flows into and out of the sentence.EXAMPLE: Borrowing to pay for higher education used to be seen as a â€Å"sure bet† but now some students are finding that their plans to repay student loans can be disrupte d by â€Å"†¦ broken marriages, illnesses, lost jobs, substandard schools and unrealized dreams.† (With no way out of trouble, more students likely to default, October 6, 2008). These unexpected obstacles may repayment difficult if not impossibleHow to Write CommentaryOf all the skills students must learn in writing, writing commentary is considered the most difficult. Writing commentary means giving your own opinion and interpretation about something, which requires a higher level of thinking than most students are used to using. Using commentary makes an essay interesting to read and shows that you can analyze and evaluate information.When you write commentary, you are commenting on a point you have made with evidence.Synonyms for commentary:analysis – breaking an idea into its parts interpretation – reading between the lines of an idea insight – adding personal experience to the explanation of an idea evaluation – judging the quality or val idity of an idea explication/explanation – explaining what an idea means discussion – – explaining what an idea means speculation – trying to predict what will happen if an action is taken or an idea is acceptedSource: Jane Schaeffer Publications, Style Analysis (1998)The Basic Outline for a Compare-Contrast EssayExample of a Subject by Subject Essay Introduction Thesis statement: Despite the fact that television and radio are distinctly different media, they use similar strategies to appeal to their audiences.Television Audiences Point One: Techniques for appealing to men Point Two: Techniques for appealing to women Point Three: Techniques for appealing to childrenRadio Audiences Point One: Techniques for appealing to men Point Two: Techniques for appealing to women Point Three: Techniques for appealing to childrenConclusion: Restatement of thesis or review of key points. Source: Kirszner and Mandell (1998).Example of a Point by Point Essay Introduction Thesis statement: While both Republicans, presidential candidate Mr. X is definitely more conservative than presidential candidate Mr. Y is.Fiscal Policy Mr. X Mr. YGun Control Mr. X Mr. YAbortion Mr. X Mr. YWelfare Mr. X Mr. YConclusion: Restatement of thesis or review of key points.TransitionsThink of a transition as a bridge from one thought or idea to another. It shows how one sentence or idea relates to another and also directs the thinking to a new focus. A transition may be one word, a short phrase, a sentence or entire paragraph. The following list cites several transition words and phrases and their meaning.Meaning Transitions Along the same direction of thought and, also, besides, furthermore, in addition, for the same reason, whereupon, moreover, whereby, indeed, similarly, likewise, butContrast but, yet, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, still, although, whereas, on the contrary, not only, but alsoComparison in fact, indeed, moreover, than, as†¦as, so†¦as .Affirmative alternative or, anyhow, moreover, still, else, whereas, whether, either†¦or.Negative alternative nor, neither, however, instead, otherwise, on the contrary, nevertheless, except that, only, whereas, neither†¦nor. Cause, result, reason for, so, accordingly, as a result, hence, as, consequently, thereby, therefore, thus, that, so that, inasmuch as, in order that, since, whereas, why.Condition although, as if, as though, though, provided, providing, unless, if, lest, once.Example for example, in fact, indeed, for instance, namelyException although, in so far as, though, unless, while, notwithstanding, in fact that.Time henceforth, meanwhile, than, next, once, as long as, as soon as, before, once, since, until, when, whenever, while, at length, first†¦second†¦third, till.