Double Standard Essay -- essays research papers fc

The existence of a double standard for Women today is a main reason why women become extremely radical. Women that do not appreciate being stereotyped and discriminated against, protest in forms of rallying and with lawsuits against people or institutions of society. The areas of society that use or even enforce a double standard against women may consider women to be inferior to men. This idea of superiority is discrimination. Often the work place, sports, and within homes do we see this idea of a double standard for women. There has always been a double standard for women. The early twentieth century was tough for most women. They were expected to stay at home, take care of the children and cook meals for their husbands. Women were viewed as simple objects that belonged to men. It was common for women or even young girls to dress like boys, they would be raised under strict eyes and forced to learn how to cook and clean, just like their mothers did.The work force consisted mostly of men, workers and higher executive dash positions. During the mid twentieth century a woman would earn about half of what men earned for the same exact job, and with the same qualifications. The reason canful this was that a woman, especially a married woman is likely to work less due to the risk of having a child. In the work place the digest for women and number of managerial jobs, doctors, and lawyers has increased, however, equal pay is still a goal. The glass ceiling effect is an idea tha...

freeclo Comapring Free Will in A Clockwork Orange and Freedom and the

Free Will in A Clockwork Orange and Skinners immunity and the Control of Man Socrates once said, Know thyself, and over two thousand years later were still perplexed with the complexities of human behavior. The concept of free impart has been debated and challenged by science, religion, and philosophy throughout history. By free will, I mean our ability to choose and behave as we wish, without our choices being determined by international sources. Such a notion has been discussed and disputed by philosophers like B.F. Skinner, Robert Kane, William Lycan, and Richard Hanley in very different ways. In order to better understand the arguments of Skinner and Kane, we essential first understand the concept of determinism. Determinism is the idea that all events are caused, occurring only as effects of causes before them. For example, the event of my bringing an umbrella to work was caused, or determined, by a rainstorm or perhaps by the days weather forecast predicting rain. Whate ver the reason, determinism follows that a later event is inevitable due to its earlier cause. If true, determinism holds that the future day is fixed and unchangeable, in much the same way the past is unchangeable in time travel. If true, determinism leaves only one possible effect for each posterior event. Influencing the ideas of determinism is the religious conception of predestination. Here the idea is that God has determined beforehand who will go to heaven and hell and nothing can be make to change the fixed and determined outcome. Predestination has been criticized by some because it seems to lead to fatalism. If our destinies are already decided, we seem to lack the free will to control our future. plainly believers in predestination believe tha... ...ve it or we dont, whether its determined or not, the notion of free will can help us better understand why we behave as we do. Perhaps someday, with our understanding of free will, well be able to do what Socrates recomme nded long ago. Works Cited Burgess, Anthony. A Clockwork Orange. New York, NY W W Norton & Company. 1986. Kane, Robert. Selections from The importee of Free Will. http//www.iusb.edu/lzynda/scifi/kane.html. Lycan, William. Consciousness. http//www.iusb.edu/lzynda/scifi/lycan.html. Hanley, Richard. The Metaphysics of Star Trek. Chapter 3 Pro Creation Abridged http//www.iusb.edu/lzynda/scifi/hanley.html. Persons Handout. X100/220. Philosophy, Science, and Science Fiction. The Concept of a Person. Skinner, B.F. Freedom and the Control of Man. http//www.iusb.edu/lzynda/scifi/skinner.html.

John Updikes A&P Essay -- English Literature

John Updikes A&PMany of the events that take place in John Updikes A&P would nothave happened had the town lived under a Marxist society. Marxism is asocio-economic ideal where all people work for the good of thecommunity and is characterized by not having any social classdistinctions. The division of Classes in A&P is very apparent,especially between Sammy, the protagonist and first person narrator,and the three girls, unity of the three antagonists, who walk into thestore during the exposition. There is also a cast disparity betweenSammy and Lengel, the store manager and another antagonist (along withsociety, who complete the three). A distinction is also noticeablebetween the three girls and the rest of the shoppers in theconvenience store.The story is told entirely in flashback and is set in a marketplace storein a town north of Boston, Massachusetts during one Thursday insummer. During the exposition we learn that Sammy is working one ofthe cash registers. afterwards in the s tory we are told that he is 19 yearsold and by his description of how his parents treat company we canassume he comes from a middle class family. We are lead to believeduring Sammys narration that the three girls, on the other hand, comefrom a rich or high societal background. The way Queenie is describedby Sammy as having prima-donna legs and walking slow while holdingherself straight paints a portrait of a high society woman. The itemthat Sammy calls her prim twice also leads us in that direction. Sammylooks up to Queenie because she is different and places her on ahigher level than the sheep in the store. When Sammy quits his job,creating a skirmish between he and Lengel, his motive is to become the... ...ls us she wasembarrassed by the whole situation-where she felt out of place becauseof her high stature in society. These scenes, of course, would neverhave taken place in Marxist cultures because the government would haveprovided for its citizens and the girls would have neve r foundthemselves being humiliated in front of a lesser class of people.All the conflicts that take place in Updikes A&P would have beenavoided in a Marxist society. Lengel and Sammy would have never had aconfrontation because Sammy would not have been trying to impress ahigh society girl. Likewise, the three girls would not have foundthemselves shopping for a nosh in the A&P because the governmentwould have provided it for them. This leaves us with one question,however, In a Marxist society, would Sammy have realized his adulthoodor would he have remained a child?

Herbal Weight Loss Products Essay -- Diet Health Nutrition Papers

Herbal Weight Loss ProductsAn analysis of two particularly controversial productsHerbal remedies, on with vitamins and various other types of dietary supplements, ready long been popular with the customers of health food stores. But now they atomic number 18 part of a boom in alternative remedies and are widely available in supermarkets and pharmacies. In recent months, there has been an incredible surge in the sheer volume of scientific studies that have discussed the effectiveness of such herbal products. Medical scientists consider such findings promising but preliminary additional research must definitely be explored. However, herbal supplement manufacturers are using such studies to boost the credibility of traditional herbal remedies. There are currently no government regulations to specify the purity, dosage or effectiveness of these products. Many consumers are opting to try them, assuming that the natural products with a long history of use will undoubtedly be safe. As herbal remedies continue to gain in popularity, reports by consumers of serious complications are also increasing. In one statistical report it was stated that 500 incidents were inform to the Food and Drug Administration last year alone. Leading the list of dangerous and ineffective ingredients are ephedra (or Ma Huang) and Chromium. Ephedra alone has accounted for much than half of the complaints in the past three years and has been associated with more than three dozen deaths. Thus the validity and the efficacy of these claims will need to be addressed. What are the claims of Natural Healing? It is obvious that our bodies are remarkable machines. However, the claim is that natural remedies aid the bodys immune system toward tot... ...ances M. Chromium Picolinate--Still Hot on the Market. wakeless Weight Journal. Jul8(4), 1994. Dolby, Victoria. Tip the Scales in Your Favor with Metabolic Weight Loss Nutrients. Better Nutrition. Oct 58(10), 1996, Okie, Susan. Looking for Mr. GoodPill Americans Have Fallen in Love With Herbal Supplements--But Do They Work? Are They Safe? The Washington Post, Nov. 25, 1997. Reading, S.A. Chromium Picolinate. Journal of Florida Medical Association. Jan83(1) 29-31, 1996. Stearns, D.M. A prediction of chromium (III) accumulation in humans from chromium dietary supplements. FASEB. Dec9(15)1650-7, 1995 Trent, L.K. Effects of chromium picolinate on body composition. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. Dec35(4)273-80. Walsh, Julie. The great chromium debate. Bicycling. Oct/Nov 37(10), 1996.

anne bradstreet Essay -- essays research papers fc

Anne Bradstreet was non only the first English-speaking, North American poet, but she was also the first American, woman poet to have her works published. In 1650, without her knowledge, Bradstreets brother-in-law had many of her poems published in a collection called The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America. Although these poems did not reflect what would be her best work, they did emulate what would be the greatest turn on all of her writing. Anne Bradstreets Puritan life was the strongest, and the most obvious influence on her work. Whether it was her reason for writing, how she wrote, or what she wrote about, Bradstreets poems would reflect the influence of Puritan life and doctrine.Although there is very little information about Anne Bradstreets antecedent life, we do know that she was born in 1612, probably in Northampton, England. Anne grew up in the Earl of Lincolns home, which was a very distinguished household with an gigantic library. Her father doubting Thomas Dud ley, who handled many of the Earls affairs, encouraged his daughters education. Also serving as a steward to the Earl of Lincoln was Annes emerging husband, Simon Bradstreet. Both men were well educated, prominent people who would carry their knowledge and influence to the late World (Piercy 18).In 1628 Anne and Simon were married. Two years later Thomas Dudley and the Bradstreets began their three month journey to New England on the Arbella (Piercy 18). The purpose of their journey was to arrive in a new world where they could practice and teach their puritan doctrine. The new colony was perfect for their simplified religion due to the lack of traditions that were already established in England. Here begins the influence of the Puritan life on Annes work. Christian Doctrine became the only topic that was acceptable for people to write about. It was used to educate and persuade the colonies to worship and honor God. Many Puritans unplowed journals and diaries as a history of Gods work among the colonies. The available readings contained moral lessons all established by Puritan leaders, or the church. In the name Puritan Poetry Public or Private the author explains the aim of public poems is to present, confirm, and glorify the cause. It also suggests that the concerns of public poetry are d... ...iritual guidance.Ultimately organism a Puritan was the greatest influence on Anne Bradstreets writing. It was the responsibilities of a Puritan woman that drove her to write, the Puritan culture she lived in that conformed how she wrote, and the Puritan doctrines she rattling believed in that molded her thoughts into what she wrote about. Works CitedBlackstock, Carrie. Anne Bradstreet and Performativity Self-Cultivation, Self-Deployment. Early American Literature 32 (1997) 223-247.Doriani, Beth. Then Have ISaid With David Anne Bradstreets Andover Manuscript Poems and the Influence of the sing Tradition. Early American Literature 24 (1989) 52-69.Piercy, Joseph ine K. Anne Bradstreet. New York Twayne Publishing, 1965.Salska, Agnieszka. Puritan Poetry Public and Private Early American Literature 19 (1984) 114-119.White, Elizabeth W. Anne Bradstreet. New York Oxford University Press, 1971.White, Peter. Puritan Poets and Poetics. PA The Pennsylvania State University, 1985.

anne bradstreet Essay -- essays research papers fc

Anne Bradstreet was not only the first English-speaking, North American poet, but she was also the first American, woman poet to have her works published. In 1650, without her knowledge, Bradstreets brother-in-law had legion(predicate) of her poems published in a collection called The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America. Although these poems did not confer what would be her best work, they did emulate what would be the greatest influence on all of her writing. Anne Bradstreets Puritan life was the strongest, and the most obvious influence on her work. Whether it was her reason for writing, how she wrote, or what she wrote about, Bradstreets poems would reflect the influence of Puritan life and doctrine.Although there is very little information about Anne Bradstreets earlier life, we do know that she was born in 1612, in all probability in Northampton, England. Anne grew up in the Earl of Lincolns home, which was a very distinguished household with an extensive library. Her fat her Thomas Dudley, who handled many of the Earls affairs, back up his daughters education. Also serving as a steward to the Earl of Lincoln was Annes future husband, Simon Bradstreet. Both men were well educated, prominent flock who would carry their knowledge and influence to the New World (Piercy 18).In 1628 Anne and Simon were married. Two years later Thomas Dudley and the Bradstreets began their three month journey to New England on the Arbella (Piercy 18). The purpose of their journey was to arrive in a new world where they could practice and teach their puritan doctrine. The new colony was perfect for their simplified godliness due to the lack of traditions that were already established in England. Here begins the influence of the Puritan life on Annes work. Christian Doctrine became the only return that was acceptable for people to write about. It was used to educate and persuade the colonies to worship and honor God. Many Puritans kept journals and diaries as a history o f Gods work among the colonies. The available readings contained moral lessons all established by Puritan leaders, or the church. In the article Puritan Poetry Public or individual(a) the author explains the aim of public poems is to present, confirm, and glorify the cause. It also suggests that the concerns of public poetry are d... ...iritual guidance.Ultimately being a Puritan was the greatest influence on Anne Bradstreets writing. It was the responsibilities of a Puritan woman that drove her to write, the Puritan culture she lived in that conformed how she wrote, and the Puritan doctrines she truly believed in that molded her thoughts into what she wrote about. Works CitedBlackstock, Carrie. Anne Bradstreet and Performativity Self-Cultivation, Self-Deployment. Early American Literature 32 (1997) 223-247.Doriani, Beth. Then Have ISaid With David Anne Bradstreets Andover Manuscript Poems and the Influence of the Psalms Tradition. Early American Literature 24 (1989) 52-69.Pierc y, Josephine K. Anne Bradstreet. New York Twayne Publishing, 1965.Salska, Agnieszka. Puritan Poetry Public and Private Early American Literature 19 (1984) 114-119.White, Elizabeth W. Anne Bradstreet. New York Oxford University Press, 1971.White, Peter. Puritan Poets and Poetics. PA The Pennsylvania State University, 1985.

Company strategic plan Essay

According to company strategic plans, the company aims to achieve a net profit before tax of $1,000,000. The chief risks to this goal arepoor sales due to economic downturnincreases in expenses such as wage expenses.In addition to Australian operations, the company is considering manufacturing overseas to take advantage of reduced costs. The company is also considering diversifying its product range to reduce motion-picture show to poor sales of one product.RoleYou are the manager of Sales Centre A, based in Adelaide. The centre has achieved great success over the sound year and consistently out grasss other sales centres. In fact, due to the large number of accounts managed by your sales team and larger staff, your centre is expected to sell as much volume as the other two sales centres put together. Naturally, you expect cost allocations to reflect the both the needs and importance to the production line of Cost Centre A.Task AThe Sales General Manager, Sam Gellar has asked you to review the master budget and cost centre budgets prepared by the senior Accountant. She would like you to meet with her to discuss the whether the budget projections are achievable, accurate, understandable and fair. She would like you to look at the budget for your cost centre closely, note any changes you conceptualise are necessary, develop an argument for the changes and negotiate those changes with her. Information you are aware of includesSales in the first prat (Q1), second quarter (Q2), and the fourth quarter (Q4) are generally 30% less than Q2.Sales in Q2 depend on completion of 90% of repair and maintenance.Commission negotiated with members of the sales team is outright at 2.5%.

Music as Social Commnetary

The end of the Reagan Administration is not generally known for political activism and yet during the highly conservative Reagan divisions, some of the boastfullygest efforts of music to combat the problems of the populace began. deception Cougar Mellankamp wrote the album, Rain on the Scarecrow and began the Farm Aid concerts to draw attention to the disappearing American family far. Michael Jackson and the musical elite of the day wrote and per formed, We be the World and Sir Bob Geldof drew attention to the African famines with his multi-star performance and recording of Do They Know Its Christmas? Into that political climate, singer/ var.writer Jackson smiler wrote and released the shout, How ample? on his World in Motion album released in 1989 (Ontario Coalition Against Poverty 1). Speculation runs high that physiognomy may have been today addressing the issues of international poverty or may have been discussing the issue of Apartheid in South Africa, avery democrati c cause of the slow 1980s. Browne, the German-born son of an American military photographer, had exit well-known for his political activism.After writing for some of the biggest names in the music industry including The Byrds and The Eagles (Paris 1), Browne recorded his own music beginning in the mid-1970s and culminating with his hits travel rapidly on Empty and The Load Out (Stay). Then, his formerly easy-going music turned into political statement after political statement. He organized a confederacy of musicians against nuclear energy after the Three Mile Island accident and often wrote about politics, saying, nothing is more personal than your political beliefs. (Paris 1) But America of the late 1980s was in feel-good mode. The wall was coming down in Berlin, the Cold War at an end and the Soviet Union was crumbling. The album which featured How great was the worst performance of Brownes career, other than his debut album when nobody knew his name (Wade 1). The famine in Ethiopia and other parts of the world were big news, though largely ignored except for during feel-good relief efforts and homelessness in America was a huge issue as the Reagan era drove the divide surrounded by the haves and have nots even farther apart.Browne, who was critical of liberals and conservatives alike (Ward 1), wrote the song to chit-chat everyone out for their blithe acceptance of the arms race and huge military budgets. Others chew over that the song relates to the Anti-Apartheid efforts. The South African crisis was big news during the Reasgan administration with Congress enacting strict restriction on South African trade, beginning in 1986, and popular culture canonizing Nelson and Winnie Mandela.And that anti-Apartheid movement was important in popular culture. Lethal Weapon 2 (1989) highlighted the problems involving the race-based discrimination in South Africa the same year the song was released and the compound system instituted by the Dutch did not end un til years later. Sadly, however, the song seems largely misplaced in measure, coming out in the first year of the presidency of George H. W. Bush when the world accepted that the arms race was over and social consciousness was beginning to take hold.It almost appears as though Browne missed the boat with How tenacious as he was critical of the military industrial complex which was already in the process of dismantling after the reunion of Germany and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Furthermore, the song deals specifically with the issue of children and starvation, but did not serve to draw particular attention to the problem worldwide, possible due to the vagaries of the song. The vagaries of the song make it difficult to identify what social injustice in particular Browne hoped to address and that may have been his point.While conducting in general How Long? people were willing to tolerate social injustice around the world, Browne may have helped to draw attention to b oth the emergency for nuclear disarming and the need to end Apartheid. We do know that it asks the listener to consider the children and their future. How Long begins with a verse describing the possibilities evident in a childs formulation and asks the listener, presumably Americans and other citizens of the world, how farsighted the child would survive if it were up to them (How Long Lines 1-8).The problem is that the children of the 1980s were not the flower-power generation of the 1960s and the subtly was lost. Asking How great would the child survive/How long if it was up to you was not the call to action needed in the late 1980s. The self-absorbed generation could easily just resolution the question and ignore the call to action underneath the words. Indeed, on that point is no evidence that the song had any impact other than as a insidious reminder of what they saw daily on the news. In the second verse, Browne gets a little more direct with his indictment of the li stener but sedate fails to call them to action.When you think about the money spent On defense by a government And the weapons of destruction weve built Were so sure that we need And you think of the millions and millions That money could feed How long can you happen upon someone crying How long can you hear someone dying Before you ask yourself why? (Browne, How Long Lines 9-16) Ultimately, Browne does a good job of pointing out the political and social issues of the time, but fails to take a stance on what should be done about it.There is a vague notion that the government should stop spending money on missile defense systems and nuclear weapons in upgrade of spending on social issues, but he never implores his audience to take action. Instead, the audience can simply agree that yes, it is a problem and whence go back to their own lives without interruption or any change in action. Perhaps the one place where Brownes work talent be considered effective is in his final vers e, when he discusses the need to think of the globe differently than the blue and white and green image seen from space (Browne, How Long).Finally, he asks how long until we have something to offer where the planets concerned? (Browne, How Long Lines 38-39) Though the song is generally accepted as an anti-military, pro-social reform ballad, these lead lines may have been influenced by his relationship with environmental activist and actress Darryl Hannah and may allude to the idea that people need to take action with regard to the worlds environmental situation. In that way, it may have had some limited effect on public awareness about environmental issues.Realistically though, it appears that the only satisfying effect of Brownes work may have been on his career. Reviewer David Marsh, well-known for his commentary on rock music, put it this way. This is one time Jackson Browne did his words profound justice as a singer its simply a great piece of singing, stark, angry, pained a nd yet aching more than anything else with a love thats proven yet again to be insufficient to hold a life together.The question while this music and the boloney unfold is not how the singer will survive hes already told us that but how the listener will keep his composure long enough to hear it through. (Ward 1) The song may well have been a sign of the times and completely appropriate for the long view of history, but in the culture of the times, it was excessively passe, with not enough call for direct action.Still, just a few years later, Browne got his wish during the Clinton administration when the military industrial complex was largely dismantled, Americas standing army minimized and world concerns brought to the forefront of American consciousness. Apartheid also fell in the intervening years, coming to an end in 1994. By the time the song had its desired impact on spending priorities, the drought had shifted and the starving was in Rwanda and Darfur and Americans had moved on to another music form and again forgot the starving children.Just as Brownes cry for justice came very late in the era of Apartheid, it came very early in the call for environmental activism and people missed its call to do the right thing and care for the children of the world. Works Cited Browne, Clyde Jackson. How Long? World in Motion, Elektra Records, 1989. Ontario Coalition Against Poverty, Activism and protest song lyrics page http//www. ocap. ca/songs/howlong. html December 5, 2007. Paris, Russ. Jackson Browne Biography. , December 5, 2007. Ward, Michael.Jackson Browne the Artist behind the Words http//media. www. versusmag. org/media/storage/paper584/news/2003/10/22/Music/Jackson. Browne-547215. shtml, December 5, 2007. How Long by Jackson Browne When you look into a childs face And youre seeing the human race And the endless possibilities there Where so much can come true And you think of the beautiful things A child can do How long would the child survive How long if it was up to you When you think about the money spent On defense by a government And the weapons of destruction weve built

The Empire and Colonialism in Asia

Modern European imperiums came ab egress because of the desire for the wealth to be had from foreign trading and markets. European countries that acquired empires did non plan these conquests. Europe was trading with Asia and other parts of the world long before modern empires arose. The success of early trading and the need to expand their markets guide the powers of Europe to find the means to secure overseas lands for their exclusive use. also the fierce competition amidst European countries for backup and world markets led to the securing of overseas interests which led to empires.Economic blowup tampered a key part in the building of European empires. An empire is a system of interaction between two political entities. One is dominant and exerts political control over internal and external policy, the other is weak. Imperialism is the desire to control colonies or dependencies and imperialism is how empires are formed. European countries had to have the power to domin ate other societies. Attributes that European countries had to encourage imperialism and empire were a centralised government, differentiated economies and a shared political loyalty.Military position was vital too, both on land and on the sea. qualities, but they also had to have the drive to acquire an empire. Control of a vast empire provide into national pride. Colonialism was the policy used to expand a countrys influence and power. When a foreign power rules a nonher group of people (usually separated from them by an ocean) a colony is formed. The ruling power usually sent its own people to govern. This was allowed to happen by virtue of the ruling countrys advanced state of technology and more than complex society. Europe was lured into the outside orld through the prospect of throw.Colonies provided many a(prenominal) economical benefits such as sources of raw materials, markets for surplus goods, new goods that could be traded to other countries (such as diamonds, gol d and spices) and investment opportunities. There were other reasons for expansion such as security considerations and spreading religion, but it was the huge economic benefits that fueled the fire of imperialism. The Lusitanian and the Spanish began their quest for empire in the fifteenth century and they were closely followed by the British and the Dutch in the seventeenth century.This desire for expansion was cognise as capitalism, the drive to bet for overseas profits, raw materials and markets. Once trade was established, the struggle for power and control of trade between European countries led to the expansion and protection of overseas interests. This protection and expansion led to the creation of empires. The Iberian empires of Spain and Portugal both set out to trade with Asia for exotic goods such as silks and spices. Notions of empires and conquests did not come until after trade was established and successful.Portugal began trading along the west African coast hile in search for a trade route to the sizable markets of Asia. In 1498, Vasco da Gama found that route rounding the Cape of Good Hope and sailing to India. The Portuguese had successfully established a monopoly of trade in Asia. Pedro Alvares Cabral sailed in 1498. He was supposed to follow da Gama, but got befogged and ended up in Brazil in 1500. Soldiers and settlers were sent to these lands to help change integrity Portugals bobby pin on the valuable territories.Portugal had colonies in Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Sao Tome, Principe, Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia and China By the middle of the 1500s. They were threatened by the Spanish arriving close by in the Philippines in 1565. () Bases and administrative centres were set up in Ambonia and Tidore and Portugal had a strong hold on India in Bengal. Portugal gained enormous wealth from these lands. They obtained gold and participated in the slave trade from Africa. They also got gold and diamonds from Brazil. Th e spice trade from Asia was very lucrative.Portuguese planters in these lands contributed also to the overall wealth of the country. Portugal overextended itself, however, and was invaded successfully by Spain in 1580. England, the Netherlands and France were able to separate away parts of the empire during this time. After regaining its independence, Portugal never really rose to its former glory. It was constantly under attack by Spain for many years. It did hold onto many of its colonies until the mid 1970s, but the people of those colonies did not allow Portugal to take all of their wealth as it had done before.Spain had also set out to trade in Asia, but they were sidetracked by Columbus discovery in 1492. Columbus was trying to bypass the monopoly Portugal had over trade in the East. Instead he enabled Spain to build an empire which included Mexico, Central America, most of the West Indies, the Southwestern portion of what is now the United States and the western part of Sout h America. The Spanish exploited the Caribbean and the Americas for economic advantage. The Spanish Empire also included Portugal, present day Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, and the Philippines.Spanish colonies were set up to keep control of trade and resources after threats from the Dutch and the incline. Also colonies were set up to support the home economy. Many wars and poor management led to the decline of Spains control of this vast empire. Much land and military resources were lost when Spain came out on the losing side of several wars. Many of the people in the colonies revolted against harsh Spanish rule. Cuba, the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico were the last of Spains valuable holdings to go after their surmount in the Spanish-American War in 1898.Economic interests for Spain were at the head of expansion. Gold, silver and precious stones were seen as the treasure of the Spanish Empire. Both Portugal and Spain initially set out to trade and profit from Asia nd only advanced towards empire when their economic After 1600, northern European countries began trading overseas regularly and started to develop economic interests that led to empires. The English and the Dutch saw how lucrative Spanish and Portuguese colonies were and they developed aspirations of their own.The Dutch East India Company and the English East India Company emerged in the early seventeenth century as major powers to take trade away from Portugal and Spain. The English and the Dutch used their dominant naval forces to remove Spain and The English gained power in India over the Portuguese. They acquired Madras and Bengal. The English were only interested in trading with the East, not in colonising the area. They made agreements with the rulers of India for favorable trading conditions. When the Mongul rulers of India began to lose power, thence the English East India Company stepped in and took over to protect its economic interests.England did settle extensively its colonies in North America and parts of Africa. England, weakened also by many wars, lost or gave independence to most of its empire. The Dutch by virtue of their superior navy were able to create a tremendously extensive empire in the East. The Dutch captured the fort on Ambonia from the Portuguese and the Portuguese ended up losing their stronghold, Malacca. The Dutch East India Company set up headquarters in Batavia (which is now called Jakarta) in Indonesia. They had exclusive trading rights with Japan and also controlled Ceylon and the southern tip of Africa.They colonized New Netherland which is New York today. The Dutch fought many wars and were finally defeated by the English in 1784. Ten years later they were invaded by the French. Most of their possessions were confiscated during this time. rivals in trade so they had to establish footholds in rder to preserve their trading. The Dutch had settlements in Batavia and control of trade in the far east. The English acquired Mad ras and Bengal. England ended up ruling over India to protect profitable trade, not for glory or sovereignty.There was no movement of population into India and only after a century and a half did anything besides trade play a part in relations with India. These footholds resulted in empires, but they were conceived in order to maintain economic advantage in the east. European empires hold their root in early trade and the search for overseas markets. John Cuningham, an conomist, suggests that evolution of empire is due to gradual extension of commerce and advent to trading companies bring together with the desire to enrich power and prestige of the mother country.I agree with this statement because of the origin of trade that European empires had. European countries began expansion in search of riches like gold and diamonds, trade like spices and silk, and land to grow valuable crops like coffee. They only resorted to control when their economic enterprises were in danger. Empires developed as a means of economic expansion to enable European countries to maintain their profits, raw materials and markets.

Producer Responsibility Scheme To Regulate Electronic Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

To critique and analysis the execution of the manufacturer traffic scheme in S issueh Korea, Sweden and united States ( Maine ) , for doing recommendations for the future acceptance of manufacturer art st come outgy in Hong Kong on e-waste direction.AbstractionHong Kong is good known as the hub of the spic-and-spanest engineering and electronic merchandises. While many another(prenominal) Hong Kong people argon fascinated by the latest theoretical accounts of nomadic phones, deliberation follow ups and advanced engineerings, the direction of galvanizing and electronic waste ( e-waste ) in Hong Kong is under-developed and this may take to risky impacts on the environment. manufacturer duty st respectgy ( PRS ) , besides known as drawn-out manufacturer duty ( EPR ) has been established for the direction of e-waste in assorted pronounces for old ages. At the terminal of April, 2010, the Hong Kong government finished the hearing on PRS for e-waste direction. A new legal model ordain be introduced to winding to the job of e-waste government activity in 2011. In this thesis, the current state of affairs of e-waste direction in Hong Kong go out be reviewed. it is so followed by an analysis on the feasibleness of the 2010 PRS audience papers. To instil treatment, I will besides comp ar and contrast the e-waste PRS in Sweden, South Korea and United States ( Maine ) . Based on the international reappraisal, Hong Kong nooky larn from the strengths and failings of assorted strategies and do mentions for the hereafter patterns on e-waste direction.IntroductionWhat is e-waste?Internationally, in that respect is no standard definition of WEEE/ E-waste. Different states use their ain definitions and readings of the term E-waste/WEEE . ( UNEP, 2007 ) . In this thesis, e-waste way electronic and galvanising waste. E-waste is by and large defined as any cast-off, excess or broken electrical or electronic doohickey which is dependent on electrical curr ents or electromagnetic Fieldss in order to work decently and equipment for the coevals, transportation and measuring of much(prenominal) current. ( surround Bureau, 2010 ) . It includes different types of equipments such as family contraptions, IT and telecommunications equipment.E-waste go overs a batch of contaminations such as heavy metals e.g lead ( Pb ) , quicksilver ( Hg ) etc. and brominated fire retardents. Cathode Ray Tubes ( CRTs ) in proctors contain Pb may take to dirty. Lead will stamp down the encephalon development of kids. Toxic quicksilver may volute up in the fat of fish and through nutrient concatenation will be intake by homo. ( Greenpeace, 2010 ) Without proper disposal and direction, these chemicals would be rel heartseased to the environment doing serious wellness jobs to human and damage the environment. Therefore, proper direction of e-waste is indispensable.1.2 Definition of manufacturer duty strategy and extended manufacturer dutyProducer duty strategy is an environmental insurance instruments for commanding disposal of merchandises when they at the terminal of life. ( Hester & A Harrison, 2009 ) It suggests that everyone should portion the duty on e-waste direction. Manufacturers and con nerveers use up to be responsible for the merchandises from the design to the concluding disposal discussion. ( environmental protection section, 2005 ) Furthermore, it mandates the return dorsum of e-waste to a proper discussion. PRS has been implemented for pull offing e-waste in many states including lacquer, Switzerland for old ages. It showed positive consequence for discussion of EOL e-waste. PRS has two types corporate manufacturer duty and single manufacturer duty. In CPR, manufacturers ar responsible for the bell base on market portion. They affect to wear the fiscal value proportionally. In IPR, each manufacturer is responsible for financing the operations referred to the waste from his ain merchandises. ( Hester & A Harrison, 2009 ) In other states, extended manufacturer duty ( EPR ) is a more popular term. EPR farther emphasizes on the manufacturer s duty. In other words, Extended Producer Responsibility is the establish that makers and importers of merchandises bear a grade of duty for the environmental impacts of their merchandises throughout the merchandises life-cycles, including upstream impacts built-in in the choice of stuffs for the merchandises, impacts from makers production procedure itself, and downstream impacts from the usage and disposal of the merchandises. Manufacturers accept their duty when they design their merchandises to minimise the life-cycle environmental impacts and when they accept legal, physical or economic duty for the environmental impacts that hobo non be eliminated by design. ( Davis, 1994 )There are two purposes for the PRS. First, it emphasizes the duty of manufacturer for the order of battle and recycle of the e-waste. Second, it encourages manufact urers to modify the design of merchandises. So, it could cut down the sum waste and risky effects. ( The Sierra Club, 2009 )E-waste state of affairs in Hong KongThe volume of e-waste coevals has increased at a rate of 2 % yearly during 2005-2008. In 2008, close to 71400 metric tons of e-waste was generated. Presently, approximately 80 % of e-waste are recycled and re-used in Hong Kong or other states. The staying 20 % of them are disposal. Landfill sites in Hong Kong are about making their maximal capacities. The 20 % of e-waste so is a resource that should be reused, recycled. ( Environment Bureau, 2010 )In general, e-waste is hoard by private second-hand traders. Majority of e-waste are exported to other developing states such as Mainland China and India for recycle or cycle ( Greenpeace, 2010 ) . However, many storage countries for e-waste are non correct. It would do dirt taint from leaching of heavy metals and other toxic chemicals. ( Environment Bureau, 2010 )Besides, an e -waste recycle programme was launched in kinfolk 2005 by Environmental Protection Department and St James Settlement. They accept the e-waste from the populace at designated hookup points. The gathered e-waste is brought to the recycle Centre for mending or leveling. The repaired electronic contraptions are donated to the drivey. Sometimes the repaired goods are sold in charitable bazar to counterbalance portion of the operating cost. ( Environmental Protection Department, 2010 ) However, this programme undersurface non chase with e-waste job in Hong Kong. Therefore, a proper e-waste direction policy is needed.Reappraisal on the audience paperAt the terminal of April 2010, the Hong Kong politics finished the audience on PRS for e-waste direction. A new legal model will be introduced to turn to the job of e-waste disposal.Harmonizing to the Product Eco-responsibility Ordinance ( Cap 603 ) , the proposed e-waste strategy would cover abundant electrical and electronic equipment including telecasting sets, rinsing machines, iceboxs and air-conditioners, and computing machines merchandises ( TWRAC ) , for illustration personal computing machine, pressmans and laptop. ( Environment Bureau, 2010 ) designing 1-1 The proposed e-waste strategy in Hong Kong ( Adopted from Environmental Bureau, 2010 )The proposed e-waste strategy is summarized in Figure 1. The major aim is to portion the duty for the accrual, intervention and disposal cost of e-waste in a safely and sustainably manner. The duty is shared by assorted stake selectersConsumers would necessitate to lend the collection and handling costs of regulate e-waste when purchasing new correct merchandises. They besides need to guarantee the regulated e-waste would be handled likely. They may set up the handling to a municipal accruement installation, a second-hand trader or a charitable organisation.Importers, distri neverthelessers and sell merchants would necessitate to persist on the regulated merchandi ses with specific labels, including the costs of e-waste strategy and charging systemRetailers would take back the old electrical contraptions on a new for old hire without charges. They will besides dispose decently to the appointed WMC.The appointed WEEE Management Contractor would supply aggregation and recycle service for e-waste.Second-hand traders and recyclers would dispose the regulated e-waste that lay in from consumers. They are regulated by the import and export control and licensing demand for recycling, hive awaying and leveling of e-waste.Government would move as a proctor to reexamine the system, roll uping fees and jurisprudence enforcement. It would besides advance public credence and instruction and help the settling up of the manufacturer duty strategy on e-waste. ( Environment Bureau, 2010 )Collection of fees would be taken by importers and distributers. They would patch up the fees when the regulated merchandises were brought to Hong Kong for local anest hetic anaesthetic trade. This cost could finally be recovered along the supply concatenation. Another natural selection is sell merchants would roll up the fee from consumers when sale the relevant merchandises when a dealing is completed. The fees for little e-waste ( such as a little telecasting ) would about $ 100. For bulky e-waste would bear down around $ 200- $ 250. Fees for computing machine merchandises would be lower but no clear sum is listed in the audience paper. ( Environment Bureau, 2010 )There are some extra steps proposed A landfill disposal prohibition to e-waste will be introduced for forestalling utile stuffs ended up in landfills. Import and export control of e-waste would be under a permission system by authorities. A licensing demand is needed for the e-waste dismantlement, recycling and storage. ( Environment Bureau, 2010 )In the undermentioned thesis, the PRS plans of South Korea, Sweden and United States ( Maine ) will be studied. By utilizing common cho rd standards, physical duty of assorted stakeholders ( Consumers, local governments, manufacturers and consolidators ) , cost allotment of assorted stakeholders ( Consumers, local governments, manufacturers ) and roll uping and recycling rate, remarks are made for the hereafter pattern on e-waste direction in Hong Kong.2. Review of PRS plans in other states2.1 South Korea2.1.1 Background of the PRS later fall ining the OECD in 1996, the environmental policy of South Korea authorities is influenced by the way of western states. In 2001, the authorities implemented EPR as an indispensable policy in the field of recycling. ( Murakami-Suzuki, 2008 ) On the other manus, consumers and environmental NGOs had criticized the improper disposal of e-waste by the one-third major companies. To salvage their trade happen upon image, they had understanding with authorities to continue greater manufacturer duty. ( Lee & A Na, 2010 ) In 2003, a Producer cycle ( PR ) system was launched which emp hasized the duty of makers in e-waste recycling. Until now, there are in entire 10 points they are rinsing machines, TVs, air conditioners, iceboxs, Personal computers, sound, nomadic phones, pressmans, duplicators and facsimiles. ( Lee & A Na, 2010 ) ( Murakami-Suzuki & A Chung 2008 )2.1.2 System of e-waste directionFigure 2-1 General e-waste flows in South Korea ( Adopted from Murakami-Suzuki & A Chung 2008 )The PR system puts the speech pattern on manufacturers. Manufacturers need to roll up the e-waste from consumers on a new-for-old fundament. Each electrical contraption that is regulated in the system has certain mark recycling rate to grasp yearly. Therefore, manufacturers used actuates and other aggregation contractors to beat into the recycling mark. ( Lee & A Na, 2010 ) There are trio ways for the manufacturers to carry through their duty. First, they can construct ain recycling works and play the recycling occupation. The second manner is to contract out the oc cupation to commercial recycling workss. The 3rd manner is to commit money to the Producer Responsibility judicature to assist them recycling the e-waste. If they fail to make the recycling marks, they need to pay the fee which is reciprocally relative to the compulsory recycling rates. ( Murakami-Suzuki & A Chung 2008 )Local governments are responsible for patroling irregular dumping of e-waste. Illegal dumping declined greatly due to the monitoring of the citizens groups called ssu-parazzi ( ssu means rubbish in Korean and parazzi from the Italian word paparazzi which means newsman ) . ( Lee & A Na, 2010 ) Local governments will pay pecuniary wagess to citizens for describing illegal dumping instances to the governments. Government besides needs to roll up the e-waste which is non based on replacement purchase from consumer. ( Lee & A Na, 2010 )Consumers throw three ways for disposal of e-waste. First, they can portray the e-waste to the 2nd manus traders. The second-h and traders will give back some bit comfort to the consumers. The second-hand traders will so reassign to the exporters and export out the e-waste. Second, they can pay to the municipalities which are local governments for roll uping the e-waste. The local governments will transport the e-waste to the exporters or recycling workss for the intervention of e-waste. Third, they do nt necessitate to pay any fee when on a new for old footing. The retail merchants or manufacturers will roll up the e-waste for free. They act as a co-operator with other stakeholders to take part in the strategy. Some of them may move as the ssu-parazzi to supervise the illegal dumping of e-waste.2.1.3 Cost borne by different stakeholdersManufacturers bear the entire cost for both aggregation and recycling. First, they can run their ain logistic squad and recycling workss. Second, they can pay fee to the commercial recycling companies. Third, they may pay the fee to the Producer Responsibility Organizati on ( PRO ) for roll uping and recycling the e-waste. Consumers do non necessitate to pay any disposal fee when buying a replacing regulated electric merchandise. So, an unseeable fee is added when consumer purchases electrical merchandises. They merely need to pay the aggregation cost when necessitating local governments to roll up the e-waste. They may necessitate to pay 2000-8000 won ( about HKD $ 14- $ 56 ) to the local governments for roll uping the e-waste. ( Gangnam-gu Office, 2004 ) Government needs to bear the fiscal cost for the collection of illegal dumped e-waste and pay the money wages for citizens. ( Lee & A Na, 2010 )2.1.4 Collecting and Recycling rate of e-wasteFigure 2-2 Collecting and Recycling rate of e-waste in South Korea in 2002 and 2004 ( Source from Park, 2006 )After the execution of the PR system in 2003, the collection and recycling rate addition about 50 % in Television, icebox and rinsing machine. For air-conditioner and computing machine, a singular rise in the collection and recycling rate. The merchandise recycling has been continuously increased. About six million dozenss ( 550 million kilogram ) of e-waste in sum has been recycled during 2003-2007. The recycling rate is about 11 kg/capita/year in 2003-2007. ( Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea, 2010 )2.2 Sweden2.2.1 Background of the PRSThe PRS for e-waste was launched in Sweden on 1st July 2001. Simultaneously, a not-for-profit service supplier El Kretsen was set up. El Kretsen operates a national-wide aggregation and recycling system for e-waste. It runs the system in coaction with Swedish governments. The local Swedish governments manage and fund the aggregation points where the families could go forth the e-waste. El Kresten manages and financess the pass over fee, the pre-treatment and recycling for e-waste. Eleven classs of e-waste are regulated by El Kretsen. They include merchandises for family contraptions, IT and other equipment. ( El-Kretsen, 2010 )2.2.2 Sys tem of e-waste directionFigure 2-3 General flow of e-waste in Sweden ( in store(predicate) Energy Solutions, 2003 )The strategy does non put any recycling marks. Manufacturers and distributers pay the fee to El Kresten, based on the current market portion, for pull offing the regulated e-waste in a corporate duty method. The cost will reexamine yearly. Families can return the e-waste to any of the 700 countrywide municipal aggregation sites. Commercial sectors can return the e-waste free of charge to the distributers or manufacturers based on new for old buying. Otherwise they can give to the commercial aggregation Centres which are financed by El Kretsen. When the commercial consumer does non buy a new merchandise, the e-waste is non covered by this PRS and it s the last user s duty. Municipal aggregation sites are run by municipalities and the precaution aggregation sites are organized and financed by El Kretsen. Logistic and transport spouses will roll up the e-waste from bot h municipal and concern aggregation sites and conveyance to the intervention spouses. Treatment and recycling spouses dismantle and recycle the e-waste. El Kretsen would pay the money to logistics and intervention spouses by the weight of e-waste hauled and the existent intervention costs. ( in store(predicate) Energy Solutions, 2003 )2.2.3 Cost borne by different stakeholdersEl Kretsen financess the concern aggregation sites, transit and recycling cost of e-waste. kin s aggregation sites are run by local governments which are non based on manufacturer duty. Households wage revenue enhancements to back up the cost of runing the municipal aggregation sites. Manufacturers pay money to El Kretsen harmonizing to their corresponding market portion, i.e. , every provider s proportion of entire gross revenues in the old twelvemonth. Any excess will be credited to the corresponding manufacturer s history. ( Future Energy Solutions, 2003 )The fee is considered several factors. Here is an i llustrationTable 2-1 Model for computation of fees by El Kretsen ( Future Energy Solutions, 2003 )The fee is measured by four factors weight, return rate, intervention cost and material value. When transit and intervention costs are high and the stuff value is low, the fee is higher. Alternatively, if the stuff value is high and the intervention cost is low, the fee is much lower. Normally, for bulky material, the fee is around a8- 26 ( about HKD $ 84 $ 273 ) and for little contraption, it is about a0.025. ( Future Energy Solutions, 2003 )2.2.4 Collecting and recycling rate of e-wasteFigure 2-4 Recycling rate of e-waste in 2004-2008 by El Kretsen ( El-Kretsen, 2010 )The above figure showed the collection and recycling rate of e-waste from all the aggregation points by El Kretsen. The system in Sweden achieved the highest collection and recycling rate reported in Europe with a sum of 15.8kg/capita/year in 2006. ( Sander et el. , 2007 )2.3 United States ( Maine )2.3.1 Background of P RSIn 2004, an e-waste jurisprudence founded on EPR construct was adopted by the Maine legislative assembly. It was the first drawn-out manufacturer duty jurisprudence in United States. In January 18 2006, the family e-waste programme was launched to guarantee electrical contraptions were recycled at the terminal of life. Merely family generated covered electrical devices ( CED ) are considered in the Maine programme. CED referred to telecastings and computing machine proctors with screens larger than 4 in. ( 10.2 centimeter ) . ( Wagner, 2009 ) In 2009, the programme added scope pressmans, game consoles and digital image frame as CED. ( Department of Environmental Protection, State of Maine, 2010 )2.3.2 System of e-waste directionFigure 2-5 General flow of e-waste in Maine ( Department of Environmental Protection, State of Maine, 2010 )Local governments decide how to roll up the family e-waste. There are different ways to roll up the e-waste agreement of pick-up service, set up f or aggregation sites, or keep periodic one-day aggregation. Consolidators received the e-waste. They need to screen the regulated merchandises by trade name names and step the weight. Then, they send bills to the makers for the transit, managing and recycling fee. They will besides supply informations and study to Department of Environmental Protection ( DEP ) . After that they send the e-waste to recycler. Retailers must merely sell the regulated merchandises with makers that are in conformity with Maine s E-waste Law. Maine DEP monitors the programme. It besides conducts instruction and enforces Torahs. ( Department of Environmental Protection, State of Maine, 2010 )2.3.3 Cost borne by different stakeholdersManufacturers bear about all the cost under the EPR programme. Before the programme started, there was no charge to the manufacturer. After the programme was launched, in 2006 and 2007, the sum charges are US $ 764000 ( about 6 million HKD $ and US $ 1938500 ( about 15 million HKD $ ) severally. The mean recycling charges were about US $ 9.53 ( HKD $ 74 ) per computing machine proctor and US $ 16.62 ( HKD $ 130 ) per telecasting. The manufacturers need to pay the cost harmonizing to the trade name and weight to the consolidators. Orphan CEDs is waste which can non place the makers or the makers are no longer in concern. Existing manufacturers need to pay a pro rata portion of the recycling orphan CEDs. ( Wagner, 2009 )Figure 2-6 Maine population and family EOL fees charged in 2008 ( Wagner, 2009 )Different metropoliss or towns in Maine have different EOL fee. Citizens can dispose free of charge or even necessitate to pay over USD $ 11 per point ( HKD $ 86 ) . However, over 50 % of families need to pay less than US $ 5 ( HKD $ 39 ) per point due to the displacement of cost to the manufacturers. ( Wagner, 2009 )2.3.4 Collecting and Recycling rate of e-wasteFigure 2-7 Household CED points collected in Maine in 2005-2008 ( Source from Wagner, 2009 )The figure of points collected and recycled after the EPR programme adopted addition by 108 % in the first twelvemonth, 170 % in the 2nd twelvemonth and 221 % in the 3rd twelvemonth. ( Wagner, 2009 ) The collection and recycling rate is about 1.8 kg/capita/year in 2008. ( Department of Environmental Protection, State of Maine, 2010 )3 Comparison of the EPR systems in South Korea, Sweden and United States ( Maine )Table 3-1 Comparison for the physical function of assorted stakeholdersSouth KoreaSverige long tree stateConsumersDispose the e-waste via three methodsAct as suu-parazzi guide on the e-waste to aggregation sitesTake the e-waste to the local governments via different methodsLocal governmentsSet mark recycling rateMonetary wages to citizens who describing illegal dumpingRun the municipal aggregation sitesSet criterion for aggregationEnsure fight among the consolidatorsManufacturersConstruct ain recycling workssPay money to the PRO for recycling and interventionsContract out the occup ations to commercial recycling companiesCollect commercial e-wastePay money to El Kretsen for managing the e-wastePay money to the consolidators for all the transit and intervention costConsolidatorsManufacturersEl Kresten near 10 companiesIn South Korea, since the electrical contraption industry is oligopolistic and is dominated by three companies, viz. , Daewoo, LG and Samsung. Collection, transit and recycling are besides carried by the manufacturers. ( Lee & A Na, 2010 )There is no aggregation sites are operated in the system of South Korea. Consumers have different methods to dispose the e-waste. Due to the bit value given by the second-hand traders, most of the consumers prefer this manner to dispose the e-waste. ( Murakami-Suzuki & A Chung 2008 )Another a lone(prenominal) system is the outgrowth of ssuparazzi in South Korea. Local governments will give money wagess to the citizen who reports illegal dumping of e-waste. This control method is thought to be responsible for a crisp diminution of illegal dumping.For Sweden, the lone consolidator El Kretsen takes the most physical duty in the EPR system. It mandates the commercial aggregations sector, organizes and financess the transit and recycling spouses. Local governments run the municipal aggregation sites. Consumers merely need to reassign the e-waste to the aggregation points.For Maine, local governments via different paths collect the e-waste from consumers. Consumer should follow the methods by local authorities and return the e-waste. Consolidators sort off the trade name and direct bills to manufacturers for the transit and intervention cost.Table 3-2 Comparison for cost allotment of assorted stakeholdersSouth KoreaSverigePine tree stateConsumersFree on a new for old footingBuy shreds when disposed with municipalityTaxsEOL feesLocal governmentsReceive tickets fee from consumersReceive revenue enhancements from consumersCollection cost of e-wasteManufacturerAbout the entire costAbout the su m cost which pay to El KretsenAbout the sum cost which wage to the consolidatorsConsumers do non necessitate to pay any excess fee under the new for old rule when buying the regulated points in South Korea. They may necessitate to purchase a tickets when disposal of e-waste from local governments. In Sweden, the aggregation cost of domestic e-waste is received from the revenue enhancements of all citizens. In Maine, consumers normally merely necessitate to pay the EOL fees which are less than US $ 5 per points for Televisions or computing machine proctors.Local governments in three topographic points receive money from consumers for aggregation cost. In Sweden, the local governments merely cover with the domestic e-waste.In the three topographic points reviews, manufacturers bear about the full cost in the PRS. In South Korea, manufacturers need to build the ain works for intervention of e-waste. It is an single duty system. Otherwise, they may contract out the occupation to comme rcial recycling workss or pay fees to the PRO. In Sweden and Maine, the manufacturers pay to consolidators based on market portions. In add-on, in Maine, the manufacturers portion the cost for handling the orphan e-waste by pro rata.Table 3-3 Comparison of roll uping and recycling rateSouth KoreaSverigePine tree stateRoll uping and Recycling rate ( kg/capita/year )11.015.81.8In this tabular array, Sweden achieved the highest collection and recycling rate among three topographic points. It may due to a expectant classs of e-waste included in the Swedish system. South Korea besides got a comparatively high rate. It may due to the consequence of mark recycling in the system. The collection and recycling rate is really low when comparing to two other topographic points. First, the Maine plan merely covered domestic TVs and computing machine proctors. Second, the end-of-life fee besides contributed to it because some consumers may donate to charitable organisations instead than pay the EOL fees. ( Wagner, 2009 )Table 3-4 Comparison of undertaking methods for illegal dumpingSouth KoreaSverigePine tree stateUndertaking methodsMonetary wagesNoneNoneIn South Korea, the pecuniary wages has attracted some citizen groups and organisations supervising the illegal dumping. In Sweden, there is no inducement for families to dispose the e-waste illicitly. It is because the use of municipal aggregation points is free of charge. Furthermore, the aggregation points are normally closer than topographic points which are desirable for illegal dumping. ( Sasaki, 2004 ) For commercial sectors, there are some companies dumped the e-waste in municipal aggregation points. It is because El Kretsen can non separate the e-waste is come from families or concern sectors. ( Sasaki, 2004 ) . In Maine, due to the EOL fees, some e-waste possibly illicitly dumped. However, there is no information related to demo the figure of instances. ( Wagner, 2009 )Table 3-5 Comparison of strengths and faili ngs of the PRS systemsStrengthsFailingsSouth KoreaHigh recycling rateMonetary wages for describing illegal dumpingMerely focal point on mark recycling rate, non the environmental-friendly interventionSverigeHigh recycling rateOne not-for-profit consolidator El KretsenExcessively many classs of e-wasteTaxs from citizensMunicipal aggregation point can non separate e-waste from house servants or commercial sectorsUnited States ( Maine )Low cost for interventionHave step to cover with the orphan e-wasteLow recycling rateMerely focal point on domestic e-wasteCumbersome for consolidators to back the e-wasteOrphan e-waste payment by manufacturersIllegal dumping due to EOL feeKorean s pecuniary wages for describing illegal dumping is alone among three states. It greatly decreases the sum of illegal dumping of e-waste. Another alone characteristic is target recycling rate. The mark rate must be reached by the manufacturers. Otherwise, a bill is imposed. Therefore it maintains a high and s table collection and recycling rate. However this system merely focuses on the elevation of the recycling rate but non the intervention quality. Producer merely want to carry through the mark rate. There is no inducement for manufacturer to handle the e-waste decently.In Sweden, the recycling rate is highest among three reviewed topographic points. It may due to a assortment of e-waste is included in the system. Furthermore, there is no bear downing for disposing e-waste in municipal aggregation point. It may besides increase the inducement of domestic consumers to dispose the e-waste decently. Furthermore, El Kretsen covered about 90 % of e-waste. A large not-for-profit company integrates all the e-waste could hold better organisation of aggregation and transit for e-waste.However, the Swedish strategy has eleven classs of regulated e-waste. Many industries and companies are kicking about the complexness of the merchandise classification. ( Future Energy Solutions, 2003 ) On the ot her manus, the running cost for municipal aggregation sites come from the revenue enhancements from citizens. It is unjust to the citizens who do non utilize the service in the PRS system. In add-on, the municipal aggregation points receive e-waste free of charge. Some concern companies may dump the e-waste into the aggregation point illicitly.In United States ( Maine ) , the monetary value of consolidator function to manufacturer is administrated by the DEP yearly. The consolidators need to subject the lowest cost agenda to the manufacturers and local governments. Therefore, manufacturers can take the best offered monetary value for the services of consolidators. Furthermore, this is the lone PRS which have step to cover with orphan e-waste among three reviewed topographic points. It divides the intervention cost to manufacturers by pro rata.The collection and recycling rate is lowest among three reviewed topographic points in Maine. It is because the system merely focuses on dome stic e-waste. Furthermore, the regulated e-waste merely included TVs and computing machine proctors. A big sum of e-waste The Maine s progrmamme is cumbrous because every e-waste needs to screen by trade name. The consolidators besides need to enter the weight of e-waste. Furthermore, approximately 10 consolidators are responsible for covering fire the e-waste and direct bills to the manufacturers. Therefore, this system is time-consuming and increases the administrative costs for both consolidators and manufacturers. The manufacturers besides criticize for bearing the duty for the orphan e-waste. ( Wagner, 2009 ) Orphan e-waste means the e-waste trade name name can non be identified. They need to bear excess cost for the intervention of orphan e-waste by pro rata. Due to stop of life charge, consumers need to pay money to the local authorities when they dispose the e-waste. They may illicitly dump the e-waste. However, there is no statistic found in my research.4 Remarks for the P RS in Hong KongAfter the analysis of the PRS systems in South Korea, Sweden and United States ( Maine ) , it indicates that different stakeholders bear different proportion of physical and fiscal duty. Furthermore, a good Praseodymium should hold high collection and recycling rate.Since few electrical or electronic merchandises are produced locally in Hong Kong, manufacturers duties are in fact importers, distributers and retail merchants duty. For makers, it will be individually considered in the undermentioned subdivision.4.1 Physical DutyConsumer should co-operate in the PRS. They should dispose the e-waste to the aggregation sites or return back to the retail merchants or distributers. They could besides supply remark for the PRS to the authorities to implement a better system for e-waste direction. Incentive for consumers to take the e-waste back to the retail merchants or the aggregation sites is the of import measure. Collection sites should be easy accessible. Therefore, a uthorities and retail merchants or distributers should put up the broad spread aggregation sites in the 18 territories. They should supply a convenient manner to the consumers for disposal of e-waste.In Hong Kong, it is breathed to put up ain recycling workss by manufacturers like the PR system in South Korea. Retailers and distributers should continue more duty. From the experience of South Korea and Sweden, labeling of the regulated merchandises should be done by the retail merchants or distributers. Therefore, consumers are able to cognize the cost of the PRS for the intervention and recycling of e-waste.Hong Kong has Numberss of retail merchants and distributers they may form or fall in a consolidator like El Kretsen in Sweden. With a cardinal consolidator, an enhanced organisation of aggregation and transit could be achieved. The retail merchants and distributers can pay the fee straight to the WEEE direction contractorsQuality of intervention for e-waste is of import. The re cyclers should handle and recycle the e-waste suitably. Environmental Protection Department can direct officers to look into the intervention procedure in the recycling works on a regular basis. Recyclers should follow the demands purely which are set up by authorities. Otherwise, authorities would ticket the recyclers.Monetary wages in South Korea has successfully decreased the figure of illegal dumping. Hong Kong authorities can larn from the experience of South Korea to put up some wages for describing illegal dumping.4.2 Financial ResponsibilityThere are two ways of bear downing methods from the experience of three topographic points. In Maine, the consumers need to pay the end-of-life fee when they dispose the e-waste. In Hong Kong, there is a building waste disposal bear downing strategy similar to Maine. However, it leads to big sum of illegal dumping in the New Territories. If the e-waste charging follows the same method, it likely leads to big sum of illegal dumping.In Sout h Korea and Sweden, the fee is already included in the monetary value of the electrical contraptions. Therefore, it will enforce the fee to the importers and distributers, which is non welcome by them. In Hong Kong, after the audience paper released, the importers and distributers have unsatisfied to this option. However, in this option, Consumers do non necessitate to pay any fees when disposing the e-waste. This will diminish the inducement for consumer to dispose the e-waste illicitly. The two options have their ain pros and cons. Further treatment is needed.For the orphan e-waste, there is no step shown in the audience paper in Hong Kong. In the reviewed topographic points, merely Maine s plan has steps to cover with it. First, retail merchants should merely sale electrical merchandises of manufacturers that are participated in the plan. It can diminish the figure of orphan e-waste coevals. Second, the intervention cost is divided by manufacturers by pro rata. It can ease the fi scal load from authorities to the manufacturers. Hong Kong can put up similar pattern to cover with the job of orphan e-waste.4.3 Collecting and recycling rateDifferent topographic points have different classs of e-waste included in the PRS. The proposed PRS in Hong Kong has similar regulated points to that in South Korea. After the execution of PRS in Hong Kong, the collection and recycling rate should accomplish a similar rate which is 11.0 kg/capita/year. Swedish plan achieve the highest rate which is 15.8 kg/capita/year and Maine s plan merely reached 1.8 kg/capita/year. These two values should be the favourable rate and lower limit rate that Hong Kong PRS should make severally.5 DecisionAfter reexamining the PRS in South Korea, Sweden and United States ( Maine ) , different states adopt the PRS with alone features. The Hong Kong authorities can larn from the strengths and failings of different strategies and do mentions for the hereafter patterns on e-waste direction. The autho rities should happen a balanced point of duty among assorted stakeholders for e-waste directionLists of MentionDavis Gary. ( 1994 ) . Extended Producer Responsibility A New Principle for a New Generation of Pollution Prevention.Department of Environmental Protection, State of Maine. ( 2010 ) . Report on Maine s Household E-waste Recycling Program.El-Kretsen. ( 2010 ) . Sweden universe leader in WEEE aggregation and intervention. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from El Kretsen hypertext transfer protocol //www.el-kretsen.sesitespecificelkretsenfilespdfelelretur_foldern_engelsk.pdfEnvironment Bureau. ( 2010 ) . Safe and Sustainable A New Producer Repsonsibility strategy for Waste Electrical & A electronic Equipment.Environmental Protection Department. ( 2005 ) . A Policy Model for the Mangament of Municial Solid Waste ( 2005-2014 ) . Retrieved January 1, 2011 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.epd.gov.hk/epd/msw/htm_en/ch03/main.htmEnvironmental Protection Department. ( 2010 ) . Was te Reduction. Retrieved November 17, 2010 from Recovery of waste elctrical and electronic equipment hypertext transfer protocol //www.wastereduction.gov.hk/en/workplace/weee_intro.htmFuture Energy Solutions. ( June 2003 ) . Study into European WEEE Schemes.Gangnam-gu Office. ( 2004 ) . One stop big volume waste intervention system. Retrieved January 1, 2011 from hypertext transfer protocol //waste.gangnam.go.kr/Greenpeace. ( 2010 ) . Contamination of e-waste. Retrieved November 27, 2010 from Greenpeace hypertext transfer protocol //www.greenpeace.org/china/ch/campaigns/e-waste/pollutionIl-Ho Park. ( November 2006 ) . Policy Direction on E-Waste Recycling in Korea.Lee Soo-cheol, & A Na Sung-in. ( 4th June 2010 ) . E-waste Recycling Systems and Sound Circulative Economies in East Asia A Compararive Analysis of Systems in Japan, South Korea, China and chinaware. Sustainability, scallywag 1632-1644.Lindhqvist T. ( 2000 ) . Extended Producer Responsibility in Cleaner Production Policy Principle to Promote Environmental Improvements of Product Systems.Ming Pao. ( 28th December 2010 ) . Electronic Products levy consultaion.Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea. ( 2010 ) . Extended Producer Responsibility. Retrieved January 1, 2011 from hypertext transfer protocol //eng.me.go.kr/content.do? method=moveContent & A menuCode=pol_rec_pol_rec_sys_responsibilityRie Murakami-Suzuki and Sung-Woo Chung. ( 2008 ) . A Comparative Study of E-waste Recycling Systems in Japan, South Kore nad Taiwan from the EPR Perspective Deductions for Developing States.Soo-cheol Lee and Sung-in Na. ( 4th June 2010 ) . E-waste Recycling Systems and Sound Circulative Economies in East Asia A Compararive Analysis of Systems in Japan, South Korea, China and Taiwan.Ronald E. Hester and Roy M. Harrison. ( 2009 ) . Electronic waste direction. Royal Society of Chemistry.Knut Sander, Stephanie Schilling, Naoko Tojo, Chris new wave Rossem, Jan Vernon, & A Carolyn George. ( 2007 ) . The Producer Responsibility Principle of. Sweden.Kohei Sasaki. ( December 2004 ) . Examing the Waste from the Electrical and Electronic Equipment Mangement Systems in Japan and Sweden.The Sierra Club. ( May 2009 ) . Producer Responsibility Recycling. Retrieved January 1, 2011 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.sierraclub.org/committees/zerowaste/producerresponsibility/index.aspUNEP. ( 2007 ) . E-Waste Vol. 1 Inventory Assessment Manual.Travis P. Wagner. ( 19th July 2009 ) . Shared duty for pull offing electronic waste A instance survey of Maine, USA. Waste Management.

Leadership at Amazon.com Essay

amazon.com is an internet giant in terms of e-commerce. It was incorporated by Jeff Bezos in 1994 under the name Cadabra. In 1995 he changed the name to Amazon because he decided the former sounded too similar to cadaver and because he wanted a name beginning with A so it would potentially be at the top of any search results returned in alphabetical order. Amazon.com has headquarters in Seattle, Washington but has retail websites across the globe. It is the worlds largest internet company. Jeff Bezos has a solid reputation that is appreciated by colleagues, employees, and guests alike. Forbes magazine touts his status as our greatest living CEO bandage his employees perhaps know him best for leaving an empty seat open at conference meeting tables. The empty chair is symbolic of the customer at Amazon.com and Bezos often refers to it as the most important person in the room (Hartung 2013).While many leaders in retail gain the importance of customer satisfaction, by making the cus tomer an active presence at meetings Jeff Bezos sends a powerful message to his constituents. Some of the characteristics of Jeff Bezos leadership style are that he eternally challenges idle thinking, he makes customer service a main priority, and he continuously renovates his approach. Bezos does not accept that there is one truth about the path things should be done, even if that way has proven to be successful previously. An example of how Bezos challenges idle thinking also illustrates his stark belief that failure is an opportunity to development Years ago, when the bulk of product was written and spoken language the company hired editors to write book and music reviews then decided to use customers critiques instead (Anders, 2012).That relatively small decision speaks volumes of Jeffs commitment to truth and to customer satisfaction. A hallmark of Jeff Bezos leadership style is his innovative reinventing of any process, idea, or task regardless of how big or small it is. Bezo has a critical eye for improvement, and the intestinal fortitude to make changes where and whenever he sees fit. An example of this is Bezos root to shipping fees. Instead of the expected shipping and handling fee added toeach item at checkout, he invented a unique ascendent. He implemented Amazon Prime, a service that charges an annual fee for unlimited 2 day shipping on eligible items, of which there are thousands. This has significantly reduced the chevvy of checkout for several reasons. Subscribing to Amazon Prime eliminates calculating extra fees based on distance and the timeframe for delivery of items. It also promotes a positive customer acknowledge by not seeing totals continue to increase as tax and shipping fees are tacked on during the last few clicks of checkout. Lastly, it speeds the checkout process by offering one click ordering using previously saved information such as address and payment info.A simple solution to the sometimes painful fees associated with product delivery has made a huge impact on the customers Amazon.com shopping experience My own individual leadership styles and characteristics are similar to Jeffs in regards to reinventing. Though I have never used that word to describe my approach it is in line with how I play and solve problems. I am never satisfied with one way to do things, and I abjure routine. At the forefront of my leadership style I am always considering my resources whether it be an innovative new process or lesson, considering the ideas my partner or team presents, and utilizing help in any fashion to take up out effective leadership. To be an effective leader, all of the leadership styles viridityly associated with powerful leadership abilities would apply and they include Directing, Coaching, Supporting, and Delegating. The challenge for the leader is the flexibility to recognize the dynamics of the situation and be versatile in the application of the different styles. Consider a Mass Casualty Incid ent, or MCI such as the late(a) tragedy in Boston, the marathon bombing. MCI leadership would first be responsible for establishing command and Delegating others to oversee patient triaging, which is the sorting of victims by severity of speck or illness.As Emergency vehicles and forcefulness respond to the scene, MCI leadership would Direct resources to the appropriate locations. Because there may be so many different levels of personnel at the scene of an MCI, leadership may have to Coach lesser trained personnel to effectively carry out necessary tasks involved in scene management. Finally, an effective leader in this scenario would recognize where Supportive care, resources, and needs of the team should be addressed. Some of the leadership characteristics I share in common with Jeff Bezos arepassion, fearlessness, and confidence. Environmental or Societal factors that might influence my approach to leadership at this organization would be politics and inexperience. Even as I f eel as though my leadership characteristics are similar to the CEO of Amazons, it would be a challenge to understand how they apply in a business model. In contrast, I have achieved efficiency and success with similar styles in a healthcare setting which can somewhat be like to business in the interest of organization, responsibility, and professionalism.Even if I were in a different organization I do not feel as though my style or characteristics would alter. I may adjust them to meet the demands of the current situation, organization or environment but I would always be mathematical process on a core set of values that would adapt to my needs, versus my needs adapting to my values. Economic conditions would influence my approach to leadership affecting budget and finances. Like Jeff Bezos, I support spending a significant amount of resources dedicated to customer service and evaluations of what the customer wants. In times of a strong economy I would want to expand the Amazon pr oduct and consider a restaurant line to the online retail chain as a means of satisfying 2 venues a retail storefront, and a new experience for fine dining. Diners would be able to experience the Amazon style of purchasing by specifically choosing what ingredients, cooking methods, and dinging decor they want by placing orders through the website at tableside mounted computers. Amazon Prime members would receive a discount or some type of supererogatory privilege, and orders would be delivered in a timely manner to the customer.ReferencesAmazon.com. (2014, February 9). Retrieved folk 2, 2014, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com Anders, G. (2012, April 23). Jeff Bezoss Top 10 Leadership Lessons. Retrieved September 5, 2014, from http//www.forbes.com/sites/georgeanders/2012/04/04/bezos-tips/ Hartung, A. (2013, January 8). Why Jeff Bezos is Our Greatest Living CEO. Retrieved September 5, 2014. McGinn, D. (2013, October 18). How Jeff Bezos Makes Decisions. Retrieved September 5, 2014, from http//blogs.hbr.org/2013/10/how-jeff-bezos-makes-decisions/

Brady Act & Constitutional Law

How guns and firearms ar sold and owned in the United States of America has changed as both firearms and the outlook of the popular public about gun ownership by private individuals developed and changed over time. From the very first time firearms were introduced to the public to the use of firearms for a figure of reasons some other than as a weapon to kill or maim a nonher human being intentionally, equitys and regulations state of matter-wide as well as national has been st get along with into action so that the problems arising from poor gun control can be addressed.There be some(prenominal) laws in effect in the United States today which immediately affect the selling and ownership of guns. One of these laws is the Brady Handgun Control Act, a law which was campaigned for and was inspired by the vision and dedication of Ms. Sarah Brady, wise of the deceased pile Brady. Sarah Brady campaigned for the creation of law that would make gun sale and purchase a process that erases the chances that guns fall into the wrong hands. Sarah lost her husband after James was killed during an assassination attempt against former US president Ronal Reagan.The Brady Act was passed, but it has many critics coming from different sides. Some praise the initiative especially those who believe that unitary of the serious issues that law makers and law enforcement units should address is firearms and violence. The Brady Act was passed in response to what Congress describes as an epidemic of gun violence Whether or non the military rank reflected in the enactment of the Brady Act is correct as to the extent of the danger and the efficacy of the legislation, the congressional decision surely warrants more respect that it is accorded in todays scarce decision (Kommers, Finn, Jacobsohn, 2004, p.270). The ingrained law implications of the Brady Act The enactment into law of the Brady Handgun Control Act (previously the Brady Handgun Control snout) created many af ter effects. The immediate constitutional implication of the Brady Act is the changing of what can be considered as the legal process of owning a gun. Prior to the Brady Act, there are no laws that require the screening of individuals who want to purchase a firearm.But because of the Brady Act, suppliers, dealers and sellers of firearms who are identified by the Brady Act as required by the law to undergo customer screening is flat constrained to do so, lest they are subjected to the penalties that go with the violation of the Brady Act. Another noticeable effect of the Brady Act in the constitutional law is the idea of enforcing state laws into the national official system, which well-nigh believed as a breach of the sovereignty of the states and a direct violation of the tenth amendment.The tenth amendment basically guarantees the sovereignty of the states from the perceived blanket and federal rule of rules and laws which are being imposed nationwide. When the Brady Bill was passed and made the Brady Act, local state governing bodys and courts were torn on whether or not the country is guilty of usurping state powers when they introduced the Brady Act and the features of this particular law.According to the book made by subject Research Council titled Containing the Threat from Illegal Bombings An Integrated National Strategy for Marking, Tagging, Rendering Inert, and Licensing Explosives and Their Precursors, not all of the states proved to be receptive to the idea of the federal government, and there are some who felt that there are existing problems found in the imposition of the Brady Act in all of the states.Shortly after the acts passage, local law enforcement officials from around the country filed lawsuits seeking to enjoin its enforcement and to have its interim render declared unconstitutional under the tenth Amendment (National Research Council, 1998, p. 290). The response of the different courts that heard out this cry over undue press ure from the federal government was varied. This is because the interpretation and tolerance towards the use and imposition of the Brady Act in every state is also different.Some states think that the features of the Brady Act are ok. The Ninth Circuit woo of Appeals in Mack v. United States upheld the constitutionality of the interim provisions, finding in the Brady Act, nothing unusually jarring to our system of federalism (National Research Council, 1998, p. 290). But while there are courts who ruled in favor of the Brady Act and its imposition in the state, there were also instances wherein the court ruled in favor of the state government and its rights, some courts, like the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in Koog v.United States, found the interim provisions unconstitutional, explaining that the interim duties effectively commandeer the legislative processes of the States, and in violation of the Tenth Amendment, cross the line from permissible encouragement of a state regula tory response into that constitutionally forbidden territory of coercion of the sovereign States (National Research Council, 1998, p. 290). as well as the friction that the Brady Act made with regards to the relationship of the government of the sovereign states and the federal government, the law also appears to have a significant role in how the law makers would create other laws.The Brady Act acts as precedent for the creation of other laws against other things closely related to firearms, starting with the regulation of explosive products. Facing an age where terrorism is largely defined by the use of bombs and by the presence of chemicals being used for bomb-making, law makers may rethink their position in pending laws that will affect bomb and explosives regulation. The fate of the Brad Act has obvious implications for any regulations that Congress may devise to control ammonium nitrate or other explosive products (National Research Council, 1998, p. 290). There are other ef fects on law and constitution caused by the Brady Act. For example, the Brady Act provided the plug to close several holes in some existing laws in gun control, like the Federal Gun Control Act of 1968 and acted as a law that supported other judicial efforts to combat violence originating from firearms, like the Federal Violent Crime Control and legality Enforcement Act of 1994. The Brady Act as a law went motion on against some of the existing state laws on firearms purchase and selling, and because it was a redundancy, some states did not see fit to use or implement it.But this does not seem to matter because, according to Siegel, the Brady Act was considered by some as ineffective in achieving what it was designed for. When Jen Ludwig and Philip Cook compared two sets of states thirty-two that installed the Brady Law in 1994 and eighteen states plus the District of Columbia, which already had similar types of laws prior to 1994 they found that there was no evidence that imple menting the Brady Law contributed to a reduction in homicide (Siegel, 2005, pg 49). refinement It is easily imaginable how the proponents of the Brady Act only had in mind the undertaking of a noble cause to protect the public. But as it turned out, the Brady Bill did not only became a source of confusion and debate concerning constitutional rights of the state government which cannot be breached by federal government, it also proved as a blunt knife when it comes to the effort in cutting down irresponsible firearms sell that leads to violence.Proponents of the Brady Act were hoping that the rest of the country would embrace it and that the efforts will be validated by its efficacy. But at some point they were wrong because of many things. First, there are already similar laws installed in some states that the Brady Law is just an unnecessary cause of confusion for them. Second, the resulting effort to make the Brady Act a nationwide and blanket law was met with criticisms over th e supposed encroachment of federal government illegally on constitutionally protected state government rights.If the Brady Act proves that it can provide a very sound framework from which forward-looking rules will be made from (i. e. the law on the restriction of explosives), then the Brady Act will indirectly make a positive contribution towards efforts which are geared in getting the same results similar to the outcome that the Brady Bill was hoping to achieve. References Kommers, Donald P. , Finn, John E. and Jacobsohn, Gary J.(February 2004). American Constitutional Law Essays, Cases, and Comparative Notes, Second Edition, Volume 1. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. National Research Council (July 1998). Containing the Threat from Illegal Bombings An Integrated National Strategy for Marking, Tagging, Rendering Inert, and Licensing Explosives and Their Precursors. National Academies Press. Siegel, Larry J. (March 2005). Criminology. Wadsworth.

Launching Indian Fast Food in Bulgaria

The country I would choose to launch the Indian Fast Food would be Bulgaria. In order to evaluate the market strategy we fuddle to make search and to discover the differences in the midst of the Bulgarian and the UK market 1. Fast viands in Bulgaria There is a little amount of information regarding the quick food market free on internet. A survey, d peerless by Synovate (Synovate, 2009), shows that the Bulgarians love fast food more than that Americans and the Brits. According to the survey more than 68% of the people in Bulgaria confirm that they like so much the taste of the fast food that they cant give it up.The survey also shows that at that place is a real passion for fast food in Bulgaria. Comp bed to the matured market like US and the UK the Bulgarians static find the quick service restaurants sort of trendy and creative. Moreover in that location is no sign of the consumption to go down. The main players on the market are McDonalds (since 1994), KFC (since 1994), S ubWay (since 2008). In Bulgaria there is difference between the burger and sandwich fast food and the typical Bulgarian fast food, which offers pre-cooked or fast prepared dishes.Typical Bulgarian fast food shackles are Happy, Ugo, Divaka. They all are quick service restaurants. And all of the fast food chains international and domestic are experiencing substantial growth during the years. 2. Indian restaurant in Bulgaria The next step is to check the market and the appearance of Indian food in the country. Actually after a short research in the internet I have found just four Indian restaurants Gurkha, Saffron, Kohinoor and Taj Mahal (Inyourpocket, 2012), all of them are in Sofia.Checking the online published menus confirm that the Indian food is expensive and therefore is accepted as exclusive high standard cuisine. 3. Demographic research The three issue is demographic research. Are there any(prenominal) Indian groups living in Bulgaria? In the research done online there are n o traces of substantial number Indians living in Bulgaria. 4. Identifying the differences in the marketing strategy Armed with the research information I would point the first difference from the original projects. The two segments of consumers identified in UK are not relevant in Bulgaria.There is no Indian society and the people are not familiar with the Indian food. A new primary research should be conducted in order to identify and segment the clients. Next- the marketing strategy should be changed to meet those needs. In the UK in terms of consumer value created we are going to meet say needs by the interviewed potential clients. In Bulgaria we will have to create value by offering alone new cuisine. We need to create thirst for Indian food in the potential clients. We will do it with the mystic of the Indian food offering it at a very good price.So in terms of positioning strategy we will compete mainly with the fast food restaurants offering cooked food and not much with the sandwich and burger fast food. Competing with the Indian restaurants will be in the part of food delivery and again targeting the fast food segment we wont have big difficulties defeat them with better prices. Because of the huge demographic differences in the country I do not believe that the service should be offered nationally. I would rather choose between three and four big cities for launching the restaurants.Another interesting spot to open a fast food restaurant is on the highway. The segment targeted will completely differ from the two identified in the UK Market. As potential clients I would point the people practicing Yoga. 5. Identifying differences in the marketing mix Because the product will be completely new for the local clients the menu variety must be easily recognizable. The primary research will give a better predilection about the taste of the people and expectations they have. In terms of pricing there is huge difference between the UK and Bulgaria so th e prices should be adjusted accordingly.And again the prices should be in a close competition with the fast food restaurants offering cooked meals. The places for the restaurants are going to differ from those in the UK for example. The reason is that in Bulgaria the train station are usually used by the people below or around the poverty line. So the locations should be chosen carefully. I would start with one in the city center in Sofia, another in some of the city malls and third in the biggest business park where more than 10000 are working every day.Again changes in the promotional materials should be made not only to make the clients enter the restaurants but also to make them try the food. A promotion mix should be selected very carefully so to turn every new client into regular one. With having most of the main differences identified I still believe that launching Indian fast food restaurants will be successful. First because the people love it, second because they use it o n daily basis, third because the dining out culture is highly accepted in the bigger cities.Another reason is that the people use for centuries the Indian species, moreover we love spicy fiery dishes, and finally but not least Bulgarians are open to try new things especially when it comes to food. Inyourpocket, 2012. Inyourpocket. Online useable at http//www. inyourpocket. com/Bulgaria/Sofia/Restaurants-and-Cafes/Indian Accessed 22 11 2012. Synovate, 2009. Softpedia. Online Available at http//news. softpedia. com/news/Bulgaria-Is-the-Real-Fast-Food-Nation-Study-Reveals-113448. shtml Accessed 22 11 2012.

A Website Review on the American Cultural History 1960-1969 Webpage Essay

Kingwood College Librarys American pagan History 1960-1969 webpage (http//kclibrary. nhmccd. edu/decade60. html) is a webpage dedicated to the dessemination of information regarding the 1960s. It dubs itself a web and library guide, and is hosted and managed by the Kingwood College Library, an educational organization in Kingwood, Texas. Its stated purpose is to help the user gain a tolerant understanding and appreciation for the culture and history of the 1960s (Goodwin, para. 2). The site itself is authored by Susan Goodwin. Unfortunately, no information in the site inclinationed Ms.Goodwins credentials, and checking the Kingwood College Library for either information regarding the author proved futile as well. The webpage is primarily aimed for the general public, with information that is collected and compiled from different sources which are mostly official or donnish in nature (some information, however, are linked from Wikipedia, a source largely not accepted by the ac ademia). As such, the information can be considered valid and true, and is presented clearly and matter-of-factly, without any embellishments or personal views and opinions, and without any technical jargon that may confuse the lay reader.At the start of the page, the reader is immediately do by to a fact sheet of the decade, with hard facts about the population, the national debt, and the average salary, among others. Information is also situated in major categories, providing a coherent and easy to follow structure to the whole article. Since content is generally collected from the various sites off the internet and books, information and content ranges from the common to the not-so-common, but all are generally interesting and well-presented.Most of the major points are presented as links which redirect to another website discussing that position issue matter. This is where most of the webpages problems lie, as a significant number of links (25, to be exact) are either broken or non-existing, redirecting the reader to the main site instead. One of the links even redirects to the harm article. For an information-driven webpage run by an educational organization, such mistakes reflect poorly on the structure and management of the webpage itself. some other thing some people (especially researchers wanting complete information) might have an issue with is how the webpage cites its sources. after every category, the author lists the books which have more information on the subjects presented in that category. However, the author did not list the specifics of the book, ie. , date of publication, author, actual page information, etc. For a researcher who needs these information, this is a great failure on a website that considers itself a bibliographic essay. Also, the website design can be improved as it is, it is presented in a simple and drab manner.Inspite of the faults stated above, the webpage gives enough historical information and data for any gener al aspect of popular culture in the stated era. And with how it is presented, via links and redirects, the reader can just connect on other links on the given website for more information about that particular subject matter. The webpages goal is to give out as much information as it can, in a concise and direct manner. In this regard, it has succeeded rather well.ReferencesGoodwin, S. (2006). American Cultural History 1960-1969. Retrieved December 20, 2007, from http//kclibrary. nhmccd. edu/decade60. html